The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.
The neсessity of systematic study of the indicatrors of fertility parameters is determined by the changes in the soil, because under the influence of intensification, they can be within the limits of the favorable interval or beyond its limits. More objective data on this issue can be obtained in stationary experiments in the crop rotation. It was established, that prolonged (50 years) application of mineral, organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in the field crop rotation in the conditions of right-bank forest-steppe led to change of all agrochemical properties of chernozem of podzolized heavy clayey loam. In accordance with mineral fertilizer system, pHkcl decreased by 0.9-1.4 units in comparison with the initial values (pH 6.2), for organo-mineral-by 1.0-1.1, while the organic fertilizer system showed the slightest acidification effect-by 0.9-0.8 units. In the variant without fertilizers an exchange acidity decreased by 13%. The hydrolytic acidity also changed under the influence of fertilizer. In the crop rotation, it was enlarged to 2.7-4.6 g/kg of soil, indicating the necessity for carrying out of liming. The return to soils large amount of calcium with farmyard manure restrains the process of acidification of the soil. The application of fertilizers also changed the nutrient regime of the soil. In the variant without fertilizers the nitrogen content of alkali-hydrolyzed compounds was 101 mg/kg of soil, at application of mineral fertilizers it increased by 10-24 mg/kg soil, farmyard manure-6-25, and for their combination-11-25 mg/kg of soil. Phosphate regime of chernozem of podzolized heavy clayey loam was well regulated. The content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium was the best at organo-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems, in which there was an increase in their content, respectively, by 39-152 and 46-162 mg/kg of soil, depending on the dose of fertilizers. The cultures of field crop rotation reacted differently to both doses of fertilizers and fertilizer systems. Average yield increase of peas from application of fertilizers was insignificant-0.5-0.8 t/ha. The yield of the clover hay was slightly influenced by the application of fertilizer systems. Yield of clover hay was higher as a result of application of organic fertilizers. In the analysis of yields of the main crop rotations-winter wheat, sugar beet and maize-the advantage of organo-mineral fertilizer system was identified. Depending on the placement of these crops in crop rotation, compared to the control where no fertilizers were applied , the average yield increases of winter wheat, irrespective of their predecessors, were 0.84-1.61 t/ha, sugar beet-8.7-15.7, maize-1.11-2.34 t/ha. Consequently, the application of the organo-mineral fertilizer system improves the nutrient regime of the soil and contributes to increasing the productivity of the cultures of crop rotation.
Assimilation of basic nutrients from soil and mineral fertilizers of grain wheat on the black grain of the podzolized sand of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine The effect results of prolonged use of different doses and ratios of fertilizers on chernozem podzolized in a field crop rotation under the conditions of Right-Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine on the content of essential nutrients in winter wheat grain and straw, the precursor of which was soybean, were shown. It has been found that, due to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers, the nitrogen content of winter wheat grain increased by 13–49%, phosphorus by 3–19%, and potassium by 6–14%. With grain, winter wheat absorbs nitrogen most – 49.4–147.8 kg/ha and phosphorus – 22.1–51.9 kg Р2О5/ha, and potassium – only 15.0–32.6 kg K2О/ha, depending on yield and quality. It is estimated that 27–33% of nitrogen, 35–36% – of phosphorus and 74–76% of potassium are returned to the soil with winter wheat straw from economic removal depending on fertilizer doses. Keywords: winter wheat, podzolic heavy clay loam chernozem, content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, economic removal.
Phosphorus content in the soil, features of the profile distribution, the proportion of organic and mineral compounds and other indicators characterize the level of soil fertility. Therefore, studies of the phosphate status of different soil subtypes in different agrocenoses are relevant. The aim of the research was to study the change in the fractional composition of mineral phosphates of podzolicchernozem compared to fallow land after the application of different fertilizer systems in the field crop rotation of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe. The content of mineral phosphates in the Chang and Jackson method in the Ginzburg-Lebedeva modification was determined in the soil from a layer of 0-20 cm with photocolorimetric determination of phosphorus by the Denigz method modified by Truog-Mayer. Studies have shown that podzolic heavy loam chernozem in the forest has significant reserves of potentially available phosphorus for plant nutrition. After 55 years in the field crop rotation, depending on the characteristics of the fertilizer, its content changed from 0.09% to 0.27% P2O5 (with the content under the fallow 0.10%). Under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors in the soil is the transformation and regrouping of compounds and fractions of phosphorus. In this case, sparingly soluble phosphates can be converted into active forms and become potentially available for plant nutrition. Fertilizers are significantly poured on the fractional composition and gross phosphorus content. The content of gross phosphorus in the composition of mineral y of 0-20 cm is from 67-69% under mineral to 61-62% of gross phosphorus under organic fertilizer system. The main share of mineral phosphates in podzolic heavy loamed chernozem is represented by Ca-P calcium phosphates, which is determined by the genetic characteristics of this soil subtype. According to the content of mineral phosphate fraction in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, it can be presented in the following series: Са-РІІ>Са-РІІІ>Са-РІ>Fe-P>Al-P. The phosphate level of podzolicchernozem can be increased by applying fertilizers
The purpose of our research was to expand the genetic diversity and to create the new winter Triticale materials with high grain quality by use of intraspecific and remote hybridization, involving them in the breeding of high-yield cultivars. Samples of winter Triticale were created by intraspecific and remote hybridization methods using multiple individual selections at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine). We created the collection of winter Triticale, which includes more than 300 samples. It consists of unique recombinant forms that differ in morphobiological and economically valuable indicators. The obtained samples were divided according to the plant height into medium-stemmed (over 100 cm), low-stemmed (80–99 cm), short-stemmed (60–79 cm) and dwarf (??60 cm). The sample 68 combined high yield (6.95 t/ha) and grain quality (protein content — 12.8%, gluten — 27.8%, 1000-grain weight — 50.5 g, grain unit — 690 g/l). Sample 83 was characterized by high protein content (14.2%) and gluten (30.2%) of group I, and was up to the standard yield (6.35 t/ha). We created the cultivars of winter Triticale ‘Navarra’ and ‘Strateg’ that listed in the State Register of Plant Cultivars Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine in 2018.
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