Application of the ethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine (L-2-amino-4-[2'-aminoethoxyl-trans-3-butenoic acid), an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, inhibited growth of apple, crabapple, and apricot buds released from dormancy by chilling or by treatment with benzyladenine. When tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis [Pamp.] Rehd.) buds were sprayed once with 8.8 x 10-3 M benzyladenine, ethylene production by the buds increased significantly 24 to 48 hours after benzyladenine treatment.Application of the rhizobitoxine analog to the buds at the time of benzyladenine treatment reduced ethylene evolution to the level of the controls for up to 2 weeks after treatment. Increase in bud weight was inhibited also but to a lesser extent. These data suggest that growth of buds is accompanied by ethylene production and that the inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis also inhibits bud growth. Since additional metabolic effects result from the action of the rhizobitoxine analog, no firm conclusions on its role can be drawn at this time.Hormonal control of bud growth appears to involve the integrated interactions of various plant hormones. Benzyladenine has been shown to stimulate or accelerate release of buds from dormancy (2). The mode of action is assumed to relate to the function of cytokinins in stimulating cell division. Cytokinins are also known to stimulate C2H4 production in some plants (3,4).With this in mind, we attempted to determine the involvement of C2H4 in bud development by the use of the ethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine (L-2-amino-4-12'-aminoethoxy]-trans-3-butenoic acid), an inhibitor of C2H4 biosynthesis which is known to inhibit conversion of methionine to C2H4 (6,8).Preliminary trials with buds of apricots and 'Jonathan' apples showed that the rhizobitoxine analog inhibited growth of buds released from dormancy by chilling or by BA treatment. Experiments described herein were then conducted using buds of tea crabapple which had been activated by BA (1) to determine: (a) the amount of the rhizobitoxine analog needed to inhibit bud growth; (b) the effectiveness of this inhibitor at various times after bud activation; and (c) the effect of the rhizobitoxine analog on C2H4 production by activated buds. MATERIALS AND METHODSTwelve to 18-month-old seedling trees of tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis [Pamp.] Rehd.) grown in the greenhouse as described previously (1) were used in the experiments. In one experiment, trees were defoliated, moved into a root cellar in January, and chilled for 3 months. In all other experiments, seedlings were not moved from the greenhouse but were defoliated prior to treatment.Spray application of BA and methionine was done as described previously (1) and the rhizobitoxine analog was dissolved in water and 1 to 2 ,ul applied directly to the buds with a microsyringe.For measurement of C2H4 production, three buds were excised and placed directly into a 5-ml plastic syringe, the plunger was reinserted, and adjusted to the 3-ml mark. A serum tube stopper was then placed over the tip of the syri...
A technique is described for forcing the buds of tea crabapple using cytokinins. Of the cytokinins tested, 6-benzylamino purine (BA) produced the best results at 2,000 ppm, 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) was nearly as effective, and N6-[Δ2-isopentenyl]-adenosine (IPA) and N6-[Δ2 isopentenyl]-adenine (2ip) were ineffective. Depending on the cytokinin used, inclusion of 0.5 or 1.0% surfactant was required to insure consistent results. No differences were found among 8 surfactants tested. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was an excellent solvent for the cytokinins and slightly enhanced their effect. The treatment effect was not translocated from the site of application. This method was consistent, faster than 10 weeks of cold treatment, less phytotoxic than cytokinins applied in a lanolin fraction, and permitted rapid spray application of small quantities of solution.
Thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) were propagated throughout the year by rooting leafy 1-node cuttings. Differences in ease of rooting among cultivars were evident with ‘Smoothstem’ generally being the most difficult and ‘Black Satin’, SI-US 68-6-6, and SI-US 68-6-17 being the easiest to root. Treatment with 0.3% indolebutyric acid in talc sometimes improved rooting slightly. Although more and longer roots developed when sand was the rooting medium, roots were brittle and broke off easily when the cuttings were handled. Cuttings rooted nearly as well in 1 peat: 1 perlite mix, had a more fibrous root system, and were easier to handle in transplanting. Rooting was as successful under a plastic tent as under intermittent mist. Node location along the cane did not influence rooting of the cuttings as long as the succulent tissue at the stem tip was not used.
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