The dependence of daily vitamin excretion with breast milk on dietary vitamin content and blood vitamin level was studied in nursing women. Breast mils vitamins were assayed in women supplied with vitamins. We identified the criteria for adequate vitamin supply in nursing women over the 1st month after labor (vitamins A, 130 microg; vitamin B1, 100 microg; vitamin B2, 130 microg; vitamin E, 750 microg; vitamin B6, 60 microg).

A method for plasma riboflavin determination by riboflavin-binding apoprotein titration has been proposed for vitamin B₂ status evaluation. The method is based on the formation of riboflavin-apoprotein complex accompanied by full loss of fluorescence peculiar to free riboflavin. The data obtained have demonstrated a correlation with indicators of the vitamin B₂ status such as urinary excretion, erythrocyte content, and stimulation of the glutathione reductase activity by flavin adenine dinucleotide. Levels > 6 ng/ml blood plasma may be considered to be a criterion for normal vitamin B₂ supply.

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It is shown that in rats exposed to single external irradiation in a dose of 0.5 Gy the concentration of spermatozoa surpasses that of nonirradiated controls. The level of vitamin B 2 increases in the liver and testes of irradiated animals. For the given dose of ionizing radiation, the participation of angiotensin-converting enzyme in cell maturation during spermatogenesis is not observed. Various changes in the content of antioxidant vitamins at different stages of the experiment are described. Key Words: spermatozoa; irradiation; angiotensin-converting enzyme; vitamins; antioxidantsRadiation produces a variety of biological effects on mammals and men. Numerous studies demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of external irradiation on all systems of the organism. However, little is known on the mechanisms of this effect. Organism's response to irradiation include the repair processes. The efficiency of these processes has been little studied [8].The reproductive system, gonads, and cells of spermatogenesis are very sensitive to radiation. We previously described [3,4] the effect of irradiation on the reproductive system in Chernobyl cleanup workers. Analysis of spermograms revealed a rise of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and the presence of numerous immature cells in ejaculate. At the same time, we found elevated activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in spermatozoa, however, this phenomenon has not been explained. Taking into account that the Chernobyl workers were examined on average 4 years after irradiation (the mean dose in the group was 0.158 Gy), we decided to undertake an experimental study for evaluation of immediate effects of various doses of radiation. In the present study we explore changes in the intensity of spermatogenesis, ACE activity in spermatozoa, and the content of vitamins A, E, B 2, and B 6 in the testes, serum, and liver of mature rats exposed to external irradiation in a dose of 0.5 Gy. MATERIALS AND METHODSIrradiation was performed using an IGUR apparatus (Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences): ~37Co emitter, 2.53 rad/sec power, 0.5 Gy (50 rad) dose, and 18 sec exposure. Age-matched animals served as the control.ACE activity was measured as described elsewhere [3]. Spermatozoa were counted as follows: epididymis homogenate in 10 ml physiological solution was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 20 min, and the resultant sup.ernatant was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 30 min. The sediment was resuspended in 1 ml buffer (pH 7.4), and the cells were counted in a Goryaev chamber (x200). In parallel, cells suspended in buffer containing a detergent phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride were counted. It was shown that detergent did not increase ACE activity.For characterization of vitamin metabolism the following parameters were determined. Vitamin B2: riboflavin content in the testes and liver was mea-

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Spontaneous and in vitro induced (with 0.01 and 0.1 mg/ml dioxidine and 0.1 and 1.0 U/ml bleomycin) chromosome aberrations were counted in cultured peripheral blood cells from 11 donors before and after 2-week therapy with a vitamin complex. The complex contained the major vitamins in doses not surpassing the recommended daily doses. Vitamins had no effect on spontaneous mutations, but increased cell resistance to clastogenic effects of dioxidine in a concentration of 0.1, but not 0.01 mg/ml. Cell sensitivity to bleomycin notably increased after vitamin therapy in some donors and decreased in others, the mean parameters in the group remained virtually unchanged.

The content of vitamin B1 in wheat and rye grain remained at a constant level and that of vitamin B2 gradually increased during germination over 5 days at 20°C (in the dark). Significant difference was observed for rye within 1 day and for wheat in 2 days. By day 5, the content of vitamin B2 in both crops increased by 2.7-2.9 times above the baseline value.

Studies of the relationship between urinary excretion of vitamins and their daily intake in healthy newborns showed that babies aged 3-10 days should receive 30 mg vitamin C, 0.24 mg vitamin B(2), and 0.13 mg vitamin B(1). The criteria of adequate vitamin C, B(1), and B(2) supply evaluated by their urinary excretion are 220.0, 0.7, and 1.4 mg/g excreted creatinine, respectively.