The experiment to investigate the proximate, vitamin and mineral composition of earthworm (Hyperiodriluseuryaulos) cultured in different animal dung media was conducted using a completely randomized design for ten weeks. Rabbit, Poultry, Pig and Goat dungs were incorporated into garden soil after sterilizing in other to ensure that there was no earthworm or any insect alive in the substrate. Live earthworms were introduced into these different animal dungs which were designated as T1,T2, T3 and T4 for rabbit, poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively. Diet formulated with maize, palm kernel cake and wheat offal was evenly spread on the diet and then mixed with the substrate. At the end of the tenth week, the earthworms were harvested by hand picking. They were soaked in warm water to kill them and rinsed with cold water to remove sand. The dried and milled earthworms were analyzed for chemical composition. The result of the study revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in percentage dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract and Metabolizable energy. The earthworm cultured in goat dung (T4) had the highest (p<0.05) crude protein percent of 38.49% while those from the rabbit dung (T1) recorded 28.72%CP. The Sodium content of the earthworms cultured in rabbit droppings T1was significantly (p<0.05) the highest recording 126.52mg, while others were 86.63, 86.40 and 93.73mg for poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively.1.74Vitamin A content of earthworms cultured in the different animal dung media were 1.74mg/100g DM, 2.10, 1.36 and 1.30mg/100g DM for the rabbit, poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively. The proximate composition of the earthworms cultured in the different animal dung media indicate that the earthworms except those cultured in the poultry droppings have high crude protein content and can be used to substitute fish meal in livestock diets. Moreover, the high content of ash in all the treatments suggests that they may be rich in minerals especially sodium.
Feeding is one of major components that determines performance of Broiler chickens. However, high cost of Broiler chicken production in the recent times has been equally attributed to extra cost incurred from the importation of some feed additives that enhance performance of the birds. Therefore, exploring locally available plant materials that have been proven to posses antibiotics properties could be considered important in order to reduce cost of feeding due to importation of antibiotics. This study was conducted to evaluate effect of Bitterleaf (Vernonia amygdalina) meal in Broiler chicken diets on haematology and serum chemistry. Four experimental diets T (control, 0% BLM), T (5% BLM), T (10% 1 2 3 BLM) and T (15% BLM) were fed to 120 Broiler chickens replicated three times in a 4 Completely randomized design. Birds were offered feed and water ad-libitum. Data were collected on haematology and serum chemistry parameters. T was significantly (P<0.05) 3 higher than others on values of PCV and RBC. No significant (P>0.05) difference were recorded in Hb and WBC of T and T . Meanwhile, T was (P<0.05) higher than T and T in 2 3 4 2 3 WBC and T was (P<0.05) higher than that of T and T in MCH and MCHC. T and T were 2 3 4 2 3 (P<0.05) higher than T in lymphocytes, while T and T were (P<0.05) higher than T in the 4 3 4 2 monocytes. For serum chemistry, T was (P<0.05) higher than T and T in total protein and 3 2 4 albumin. There was (P<0.05) difference in the cholesterol content of the birds. Haematology and serum chemistry values recorded were within the standard ranges for good health condition of the Broiler chickens. Birds fed 5% Bitterleaf meal performed better than others. Therefore, 5% Bitterleaf meal in the diets of Broiler chickens producing birds with high immunity. L'alimentation est l'un des principaux composants qui déterminent les performances des poulets de chair. Cependant, le coût élevé de la production de poulets à griller ces derniers temps a également été attribué aux coûts supplémentaires occasionnés par l'importation de certains additifs alimentaires qui améliorent les performances des oiseaux. Par conséquent, l'exploration de matières végétales disponibles localement et dont il a été prouvé qu'elles possèdent des propriétés antibiotiques pourrait être considérée comme importante afin de réduire le coût de l'alimentation en raison de l'importation d'antibiotiques. Cette étude a été menée pour évaluer l'effet de la farine de Bitterleaf (Vernonia amygdalina) dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair sur l'hématologie et la chimie du sérum. Quatre régimes expérimentaux i. e T1 (témoin, 0 % BLM), T2 (5 % BLM), T3 (10 % BLM) et T4 (15 % BLM) ont été donnés à 120 poulets de chair répliqués trois fois dans un modèle entièrement randomisé. Les oiseaux ont reçu de la nourriture et de l'eau à volonté. Des données ont été recueillies sur les paramètres d'hématologie et de chimie sérique. T3 était significativement (P < 0,05) plus élevé que les autres sur les valeurs de PCV et RBC. Aucune différence significative (P> 0,05) enregistrée dans l'Hb et le WBC de T2 et T3. Pendant ce temps, T4 était significativement (P<0, 05) supérieur à T2 et T3 dans WBC et T2 était significativement ( P <0, 05) supérieur à celui de T3 et T4 dans MCH et MCHC. T2 et T3 étaient significativement (P<0,05) supérieurs à T4 dans les lymphocytes, tandis que T3 et T4 étaient significativement (P<0,05) supérieurs à T2 dans la quantité de monocytes. Pour la chimie du sérum, T3 était significativement (P < 0,05) supérieur à T2 et T4 en protéines totales et en albumine. Il y avait une différence significative (P<0,05) dans la teneur en cholestérol des oiseaux. Les valeurs d'hématologie et de chimie sérique enregistrées se situaient dans les plages standard pour un bon état de santé des poulets de chair. Les oiseaux nourris avec 5 % de farine de Bitterleaf ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats que les autres. Par conséquent, 5% de farine de Bitterleaf dans l'alimentation des poulets à griller produisant des oiseaux à haute immunité.
A study was conducted to investigate the bio-economics of feeding broiler chickens graded levels of cassava root meal based diets, as replacement for maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to form treatment diets T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 respectively, with adjustment in soybean levels across the treatment diets to have iso-nitrogenous diets. Two hundred and forty- 4 weeks old 'Amos' strain broiler chicks were in a completely randomized design allotted randomly to five treatment groups of 48 birds each and of three replicates with each replicate having 16 birds. Parameters measured included weight gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio, price per kg of feed, price per kg of broiler and weight of carcass cuts. Data were analyzed using analysis of variances. Daily weight gain for T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 were 41.16g/b/d, 39.43, 33.47, 25.25 and 16.91 g/b/d, respectively while, daily feed intake for T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 were 113.35g, 112.75, 102.31, 93.34 and 85.94g, respectively. Results showed weight gain feed intake and feed Conversion ratio values to be significantly (P<0.05) depressed as the level of replacement of maize with cassava root meal exceeded 25%. Among the carcass parameters, only the dressed carcass (%) and thigh (%) weight values showed significant (P<0.05) decrease as the level of replacement level of maize with cassava root meal exceeded 25% while, spleen (%) and liver (%) values showed progressive increase (P<0.05) in weight as the level of cassava root meal increased in the diets. Cost of feed decreased (p<0.05) significantly with the increasing level of cassava root meal. However, it did not translate to increase in price per kg of bird. It could therefore be suggested that cassava root meal should not exceed 25% as replacement for maize in broiler finisher diets, as beyond this level growth performance is adversely impaired.
The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.
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