The experiment was conducted with the objective of providing more information on the physiology and rumen microbial ecology of goats fed municipal organic solid waste treated with Diastic microbes of snails (Achatina achatina). The study was on the treated and untreated municipal organic solid waste as components of experimental diet. Balanced rations containing diets; A = 45% untreated municipal organic waste (UMOW), B = 45% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), and C = 70% treated municipal organic waste (TMOW), with wheat offal, palm kernel cake, and molasses used to balance the diets. Where grass/legume ratio of 3 parts of Panicum maximum and 1 part of Centrocema were fed across treatments at the same proportion. The three rations were fed to 18 unsex Red Sokoto goats aged between 6 to 7 months, with an average weight of 8.01±2.50kg. They were housed in pens, on a floor space of 0.5 to 0.75m2 in a completely randomized designed experiment replicated six times and fed for a period of 52 days. The results were separated according to the parameters of rumen physiology (pH, total volatile fatty acids, acetic, propionic, butyric acids and ethanol, and rumen ecology (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, which are mainly anaerobic microbes). The investigations revealed that microbial (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) load counts were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. While the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic, butyric and propionic increased (p<0.05) except for the TVFA and the propionic acid that showed numerical (p>0.05) increased levels of (TMOW). The pH levels improved (p>0.05) between 6.7 to 6.8 where the rumen electrolytes (Ca, Na and K) increased (p<0.01) with increased levels of TMOW. Rumen moisture, dry matter and fat content were (p<0.01) influenced by TMOW diets while ash content was (p<0.01) influenced by the TMOW. Crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and carbohydrate were not affected (p<0.01; p<0.05) affected. It is good to note that, the microbial community of snail used in the pre-feeding fermentation of municipal organic waste had influence in the physiology and rumen microbial ecology at interface with the goat, enhanced improved the organic matter degradation and feed quality, of the highly fibrous municipal organic solid waste.
The experimental feeding trial conducted for 28 days was carried out to examine the serum biochemistry and haematological responses, organ proportion of broiler starter chickens fed graded levels of palm oil mill effluent (POME). A total of 240 (two hundred and forty) day old marshal broiler chicks strain were used for the study. The chicks were divided into 5 (five) treatment groups and within each group, replicated 4 (four) times at 12 chicks per replicate, feed and water were given ad libitum. Different graded/replacement levels of POME with maize at diet 1(control) (0%), diet 2 (6%), diet 3 (12%), diet 4 (18%) and diet 5 (24%) respectively were investigated to ascertain the health implications in feeding broiler chicks with POME by the blood profile and serum biochemical assessment in the study, using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) using SPSS version 20, results were interpreted using Duncan New Multiple Range Test for means separation. Dietary POME intake affects significantly (p<0.05) serum protein, glucose blood levels, enzymes, cholesterol, triglyceride and haematological profile. Organs proportion like, liver, lungs, kidney, pancreas and large intestine were (p<0.05) affected by dietary treatment. Serum total protein, plasma protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, urea and alanine amino transferase and white blood cell were significantly decreased (p<0.05). Glucose, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, pack cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, significantly increased (p<0.05). Cholesterol blood levels for diet 5 was higher (p<0.05). Triglyceride blood levels for control diet was higher (p<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels for diet 3 were (p<0.05) lowest. From the results obtained from these findings, POME may have possessed some nutritional values required to improve health and reproductive performance of the broiler chickens as alternative feeds replacement for maize.
A study was conducted to investigate the bio-economics of feeding broiler chickens graded levels of cassava root meal based diets, as replacement for maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to form treatment diets T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 respectively, with adjustment in soybean levels across the treatment diets to have iso-nitrogenous diets. Two hundred and forty- 4 weeks old 'Amos' strain broiler chicks were in a completely randomized design allotted randomly to five treatment groups of 48 birds each and of three replicates with each replicate having 16 birds. Parameters measured included weight gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio, price per kg of feed, price per kg of broiler and weight of carcass cuts. Data were analyzed using analysis of variances. Daily weight gain for T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 were 41.16g/b/d, 39.43, 33.47, 25.25 and 16.91 g/b/d, respectively while, daily feed intake for T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 were 113.35g, 112.75, 102.31, 93.34 and 85.94g, respectively. Results showed weight gain feed intake and feed Conversion ratio values to be significantly (P<0.05) depressed as the level of replacement of maize with cassava root meal exceeded 25%. Among the carcass parameters, only the dressed carcass (%) and thigh (%) weight values showed significant (P<0.05) decrease as the level of replacement level of maize with cassava root meal exceeded 25% while, spleen (%) and liver (%) values showed progressive increase (P<0.05) in weight as the level of cassava root meal increased in the diets. Cost of feed decreased (p<0.05) significantly with the increasing level of cassava root meal. However, it did not translate to increase in price per kg of bird. It could therefore be suggested that cassava root meal should not exceed 25% as replacement for maize in broiler finisher diets, as beyond this level growth performance is adversely impaired.
Some researchers have inferred that folic acid is necessary for reproduction and could enhance blood formation. Thus, a Completely Randomized Design Experiment (CRD) was conducted to evaluate the impact of oral administration of folic acid on the semen and haematological characteristics of New Zealand White rabbit bucks. The treatments designated treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) having 12 rabbits each were replicated 3 times with 4 rabbits per replicate. The ages of the 36 pre-pubertal rabbit bucks were between 2 to 3 months, and weighed approximately 2.56 kg. Three experimental diets were formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of rabbit bucks. Each rabbit buck on T1 were orally administered folic acid at 0.0 mg, T2 2.5mg folic acid and T3 5.0 mg folic, respectively. Data were collected for semen characteristics and haematology from the rabbit bucks. Data collected on different parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed that significant increases (p<0.05) were observed on libido, semen pH, spermatozoa progressive motility (67.40-80.20%), spermatozoa live proportion (83.01-94.12%), sperm concentration (112.24-133.80 x106/ml), total number of sperm per ejaculate (50.65-67.66 x106/ml), total viable sperm (291.58-496.69 x109/ml), normal sperm proportion (85.16-91.64%). Also, significant reductions (p<0.05) were observed on the percentage head abnormality of the spermatozoa (3.74-3.18), total abnormality (2.13-0.93), mid-piece abnormality (2.35-0.79), cytoplasmic abnormality (7.17-2.89), and total abnormality (14.84-8.35); while the haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (13.53-14.20g/dl), packed cell volume (33.00-34.96%), white blood cell (6.81-7.80 x103mm3) and the differential white blood cells improved significantly (p<0.05) following the oral administration of folic acids to the rabbit bucks. Thus, the oral administrations of folic acid at 5.0 mg per rabbit buck most significantly improved the semen characteristics, enhanced the overall spermatozoa morphology, reduced sperm cells abnormalities and also improved some haematological parameters of the rabbit bucks.
Conventional energy sources for poultry feed are scarce, expensive and highly competed for by man and industry in Nigeria which has resulted to subsequent high cost of feed and at times, poor quality of feed sold to farmers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and feed cost benefit of broiler chickens fed various plant protein sources in acha grain based diet. A total of 120, one day-old Abor acre broiler chicks were procured and assigned in a Completely Randomized Design to four dietary treatments of three replicates and ten chicks per replicate. The four diets comprise soybean meal (full fat), soybean cake, groundnut cake and cashew nut meal at 28% inclusion level each in an acha based diet. Data on growth parameters (Daily feed intake, Final Weight Gain, Total Weight Gain, Feed-to-gain ratio and mortality) were collected daily and weekly. The results showed that the birds fed diet 3 having soyabean meal as the main plant protein source with 2700 Kcal/kg ME gave the best growth performance. It is also important to note that, the growth performance of birds fed diet 4 which had 28% cashew nut (full fat) had the poorest feed-togain ratio. The findings from this study further showed that using cashew nut (T4) as plant protein source in poultry (broiler chicken) ration is rather too expensive and production of cashew nut may have to increase so as to bring down the cost of production of broiler chicken. There was significant difference (P<0.05) in all the variables of feed cost benefit analysis. It is concluded that soyabean, whether used as meal/cake or full-fat confirmed its superiority over groundnut cake and cashew nut meal in this study. It is therefore recommended that farmers or poultry feed producers should use acha based diet with either soyabean meal or full-fat soyabean Les sources d'énergie conventionnelles pour l'alimentation de la volaille sont rares, coûteuses et très concurrencées par l'homme et l'industrie au Nigéria, ce qui a résulté en un coût élevé des aliments et parfois, une mauvaise qualité des aliments vendus aux agriculteurs. Par conséquent, cette étude a été réalisée pour évaluer les performances de croissance et les avantages en termes de coûts d'alimentation des poulets de chair nourris avec diverses sources de protéines végétales dans un régime à base de céréales acha. Un total de 120 poussins de chair Abor acre d'un jour ont été achetés et assignés dans une conception complètement aléatoire à quatre traitements diététiques de trois répétitions et dix poussins par répétition. Les quatre régimes comprennent la farine de soja (pleine matière grasse), le tourteau de soja, le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou à un taux d'inclusion de 28% chacun dans un régime alimentaire classique. Les données sur les paramètres de croissance (ingestion journalière, gain de poids final, gain de poids total, rapport alimentation / gain et mortalité) ont été collectées quotidiennement et hebdomadairement. Les résultats ont montré que les oiseaux nourris avec le régime 3 contenant de la farine de soja comme principale source de protéines végétales avec 2700 Kcal / kg ME ont donné les meilleures performances de croissance. Il est également important de noter que les performances de croissance des oiseaux nourris avec un régime alimentaire 4 contenant 28% de noix de cajou (gras) présentaient le rapport alimentation / gain le plus faible. Les résultats de cette étude ont en outre montré que l'utilisation de la noix de cajou (T4) comme source de protéines végétales dans la ration de volaille (poulet à griller) est plutôt trop coûteuse et que la production de noix de cajou peut devoir augmenter afin de réduire le coût de production du poulet à griller. . Il y avait une différence significative (P <0,05) dans toutes les variables de l'analyse coûts-avantages des aliments. Il est conclu que le soja, qu'il soit utilisé comme farine / tourteau ou gras entier, a confirmé sa supériorité sur le tourteau d'arachide et la farine de noix de cajou dans cette étude. Il est donc recommandé que les agriculteurs ou les producteurs d'aliments pour volaille utilisent un régime à base d'acha avec du tourteau de soja ou du soja entier.
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