Objective: Neonatal sepsis has remained a public health concern and Nigeria is one of the leading contributors to the global phenomenon. As a prolog to update of the epidemiological situation, the objective of this paper is to present an introductory overview.Method: A narrative essay method was adopted. Focus is basic information starting with historical landmark and including preventive measures amongst others.Results: Neonatal sepsis has been known since the 1800s. It accounts for about 25% neonatal deaths. Preventive intervention by enforcement of hygienic practices can reduce hospital acquired infection rate from se 10% down to 2%. Conclusion:Enforcement of handwashing by carers is probably top of the necessary hygienic practices required for prevention. However, update on epidemiology is necessary.

Objective: Neonatal sepsis remains a public health issue in the world and Nigeria is not excepted. As a prelude to evaluation of the situation in a Bayelsa state community, the objective of this review was to establish what is already known with regards to epidemiological and socioeconomic factors.Method: A narrative method was adopted. On epidemiology, Nigeria was compared with in Sub-Saharan region and the world. Also, 10 years progress was assessed. On socioeconomic factors, focus was on determinants of neonatal infections and mortality.Results: There is evidence of approximately 0.2% decline in neonatal mortality in Nigeria relative to a global 0.5%. The decline has been consistent decline in global average, but not in Nigeria. In terms of socioeconomic determinants, the age, educational level, and residence of mother as well as birthing place are among the factors. Conclusion:In terms of what is known versus unknown regarding infectious control principles in NICU: there is evidence that enforcement among the healthcare workers improves compliance by staff and reduces neonatal nosocomial infections. What is unknown includes level of compliance in Bayelsa State NICUs and potential for improvement.

Malaria epidemiology in Nigeria is still at a concerning rate. Health promotion is fundamental in primary healthcare (PHC) and one of the components is the prevention of endemic diseases, which include the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs), provided free and Roll Back Malaria (RBM) programs. The objective of this study is to narratively review the ten years landmark achievement of Alma-Ata declaration on the use of ITNs among pregnant mothers and under-five children between 2009 and 2019 in Nigeria, including the RBM target and geopolitical zones' performances.Methods: This non-systematic review study selected 50 studies on epidemiology on malaria, PHC, health promotion and Alma-Ata declaration on use of ITNs from literature searched. Search bases included Google Scholar, while inclusion were peer reviewed journals and governmental documents.Results: ITNs ownership and utilization in the geographical zones of Nigeria are unequal since 2010. By 2019, Nigeria household ownership of at least one ITNs was 55%, which is short of the 80% RBM targeted since 10-years ago. Reduction in prevalence of malaria is strongly associated with baseline knowledge of the disease (p < 0.0001); while level of nonutilization of ITNs in 2010 is positively correlated to improvement in ownership in 2019 (p < 0.03). Conclusion:Achievement of Alma-Ata declaration in the availability of ITNs has yet to reach the RBM target and there is indication of backsliding. There is need to reactivate and sustain health promotion programs on ownership and utilization of ITNs at the community level.