IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF BAYAH NATURAL ZEOLITE AS CATALYST ON REACTION OF GLYCEROL KETALIZATION. The catalyst has an important role for the rates of chemical reactions accelerating in orde to
AbstrakAmonia merupakan bahan pencemar utama di dalam kultur perairan seperti kolam dan tambak ikan bandeng. Jika konsentrasi amonia lebih dari 0,02 ppm, maka ikan tersebut akan mengalami kematian. Zeolit dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi amonia dalam kultur perairan. Pada percobaan ini zeolit diaktivasi dengan menggunakan asam klorida dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,2-1 M pada temperatur 70°C dengan rasio massa zeolit dan volume asam sebesar 0,05 g/mL selama 30 menit. Karakterisasi zeolit dilakukan dengan Difraksi Sinar-X (XRD) untuk menentukan fase kristalin zeolit dan analisis adsorpsi nitrogen untuk menentukan luas area permukaan zeolit dengan model Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Zeolit alam Bayah selanjutnya digunakan sebagai adsorben untuk menghilangkan kandungan amonium pada air kolam sintesis. Proses adsorpsi amonium dilakukan pada temperatur 25°C dengan menggunakan zeolit teraktivasi asam sebanyak 1,0 gram dalam 100 mL larutan amonium hidroksida yang memiliki konsentrasi 250 mg⁄L dan didiamkan selama 24 jam. Setelah itu, adsorben dipisahkan dan konsentrasi larutan amonium hidroksida dianalisis kadar atau konsentrasinya menggunakan titrasi asam basa. Hasil yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini yaitu, zeolit alam Bayah memiliki fase mordenit, klinoptilolit, heulandit, dan quartz. Pengaruh perlakuan aktivasi asam pada kristalinitas zeolit tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan. Perlakuan asam pada saat aktivasi zeolit alam Bayah mempengaruhi peningkatan luas area spesifik sehingga meningkatkan kemampuan zeolit untuk menjerap amonium. Persentase penghilangan amonium pada sampel Z-0,2 M, Z-0,4 M, Z-0,8 M, dan Z-1 M, adalah 45,8%, 60,3%, 73,4%, dan 93,0. AbstractAmmonia is a notorious toxic substance in pond fish culture. The minimum lethal dose of ammonium in fish is 0.02 ppm. Zeolite is potential for eliminating ammonium content in fishpond. Zeolite was activated by using hydrochloric acid 0.2-1 M at 70°C for 30 min. The zeolite mass to acid volume ratio was 0.05 g/mL. Characterization of zeolite was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystalline phase. The surface area of zeolite was analyzed by nitrogen physisorption using BET model. Zeolite was applied for ammonium adsorption in synthetic ammonium solution. Adsorption was performed at 25°C using 1 g of acid modified zeolite in 100 ml of 250 ppm ammonium hydroxide solution for 24 hours. Ammonium concentration was determined by titration method. According to XRD analysis, Bayah natural zeolites were identified as mordenite dominant phase with clinoptilolite, heulandite, and quartz phases as impurities. Acid treatment on the natural zeolites was not significantly affected the crystallinity. The surface area of natural zeolites was increased after acid treatment, hence improved the adsorption of ammonium. The removal efficiency of ammonium over sample Z-0.2 M, Z-0.4 M, Z-0.8 M and Z-1 M were 45.8%, 60.3%, 73.4% and 93.0%, respectively.
Indonesia has an abundant quantity of natural zeolites that have not yet been utilized maximally. On the other hand, fishpond farmers have a problem regarding the presence of ammonium in the fishpond water which will negatively impact to survival of fish, especially small fish. To solve this problem, this research was utilizing natural zeolite to degrade ammonium in the fishpond water. This research aimed to test mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah as an adsorbent to collaborate some variables impact to reach more maximal adsorption. The variables that were used to be observed were: mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah as an adsorbent which has been activated by 1-7 N H2SO4 and the other was without activation, ammonium concentration of 80-800 ppm, the particle size of adsorbent of 80 and 150 mesh, stirring speed of 600 and 800 rpm, and without stirring by duration adsorption time of 60 minutes. The research results showed that mordenite natural zeolite after activated was able to adsorb of 100% ammonium, while for the mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah without stirring was of 80%, by the same absorption time. These results will give significant benefits for fishpond farmers to increase their productivity because of the increase in fish survival.Keywords: adsorption, adsorbent, zeolite, amoniumABSTRAKKandungan zeolit alam di Indonesia cukup melimpah dan belum termanfaatkan secara maksimal. Pada sisi lain petani tambak dihadapkan pada masalah terdapatnya kandungan amonium di dalam air tambak, yang akan berdampak negatif bagi keberlangsungan hidup ikan, terutama ikan yang masih kecil. Penelitian ini mencoba memanfaatkan zeolit alam guna mendegradasi kandungan amonium dalam air tambak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengujian terhadap zeolit alam mordenit dari Bayah sebagai adsorben, baik dilakukan dengan pengadukan maupun tanpa pengadukan, serta mengkolaborasi beberapa variabel yang berpengaruh agar hasil adsorpsi lebih maksimal. Observasi dilakukan dengan zeolit alam mordenit dari Bayah yang telah diaktivasi dengan 1-7 N H2SO4 maupun tanpa aktivasi, rentang konsentrasi larutan amonium 80-800 ppm, ukuran partikel adsorben 80 dan 150 mesh, kecepatan pengadukan 600 dan 800 rpm, dan tanpa pengadukan serta lamanya waktu penyerapan 60 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukan hasil yang sangat baik, dan secara umum zeolit alam mordenit Bayah teraktivasi telah mampu melakukan adsorpsi amonium sebesar 100%, sedangkan untuk zeolit alam mordenit Bayah tanpa pengadukan sebesar 80% pada waktu adsorpsi yang sama.Kata kunci: adsorpsi, adsorben, zeolit, amonium
Natural zeolites are easily found and abundant in Indonesia. The natural zeolites are low-cost minerals; however, their ammonium sorption is poor. A hydrothermal method was applied to improve the ammonium sorption. Hydrothermal treatment times were varied 8, 24, and 32 h. The parent and hydrothermal treated samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nitrogen physisorption. Ammonium adsorption was performed using a batch reactor to evaluate the adsorption performance of the prepared zeolite samples. The 8 h hydrothermal (HT 8 h) treated zeolites showed the highest ammonium removal percentage among others. The XRD analysis of HT 8 h shows a higher crystallinity of mordenite and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) model shows a surface area of 105 m2/g, much larger as compared to the parent with a surface area of 19 m2/g. Various kinetic and isotherms models were also studied on the parent and HT 8 h samples. The intraparticle equation showed the most accurate model for the kinetic data and the Freundlich equation showed the most accurate model for the isotherm of the experimental data. In terms of ammonium removal efficiency, hydrothermally treated Bayah mordenite compares favorably with treated mordenite from other locations despite that clinoptilolite provides higher removal capacities than mordenite.
MODIFIED MORDENITE NATURAL ZEOLITE AS CATALYST FOR KETALIZATION AND ESTERIFICATION. The aims of this research was studied of modified mordenite natural zeolite from Bayah effect by acidity and heating to change zeolite characteristics in orde to prepare as catalyst for glycerol ketalization and acetit acid esterification by some reaction temperature variation. Natural zeolite which modified by precise treatment will be produced of natural zeolite that ready for use as catalyst and has good perfomance. The characterization results showed that the best condition for modified mordenite natural zeolite of Bayah achieved at sulfuric acid concentration of 6 N and heating temperature of 200oC, by surface area reached of 157.110 m2/g and cation exchanged capacity of 2.11 meq/ml. Modernite natural zeolite of Bayah has good performance indication as a catalyst, by the highest glycerol conversion of 70.10% at 60°C for the ketalization reaction, and for the esterification reaction, mordenit natural zeolit of Bayah able to acetit acid conversion of 11.72% at 70°C. Keywords: characterization; esterification; glycerol; modified; ketalization Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mempelajari pengaruh modifikasi dengan pengasaman dan pemanasan terhadap perubahan karakteristik zeolit alam mordenit dari Bayah guna persiapan sebagai katalisator pada reaksi ketalisasi gliserol dan esterifikasi asam asetat dengan beberapa variasi suhu reaksi. Zeolit alam yang termodifikasi dengan perlakuan yang tepat akan menghasilkan zeolit alam yang siap pakai, dan akan mampu menghasilkan performa yang baik. Hasil pengujian karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terbaik pada modifikasi zeolit alam mordenit Bayah dihasilkan pada konsentrasi pengasaman 6N H2SO4 dan suhu pengeringan 200oC dengan luas permukaan 157,110 m2/g dan kemampuan tukar kation sebesar 2,11 meq/ml. Zeolit alam mordenit Bayah menunjukkan performa yang baik sebagai katalisator dengan konversi gliserol tertinggi sebesar 70,10% yang dicapai pada suhu 60oC pada reaksi ketalisasi, dan untuk reaksi esterifikasi, zeolit alam mordenit Bayah mampu mengkonversi asam setat sebesar 11,72% pada suhu 70oC. Kata kunci: karakterisasi; esterifikasi; gliserol; modifikasi; ketalisasi
Household waste is one of the most significant contributors to wastewater that can pollute the environment, one of which is ammonium pollution. Ammonium pollution can be reduced by natural zeolite by using the adsorption method. This research aims to utilize natural zeolite as an adsorbent that can reduce ammonium levels in wastewater, determine which natural zeolite has the most significant adsorption power from 4 locations, determine natural zeolite characterization of Bayah. This study is also to create a model equilibrium equations and reaction kinetics from the adsorption method. The method used is the adsorption method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). This study's results were that natural zeolites location 4 could adsorb 99.25% of ammonium and showed the highest adsorption capacity of ammonium. Characterization using XRD analysis obtained the types of zeolite mordenite, clinoptilolite, quartz, and heulandite. The surface area of Bayah natural zeolite in the 4th location is 46 m2/g. The suitable equilibrium model for the adsorption of ammonium by natural zeolites is the Freundlich model. The most suitable adsorption kinetics model for the adsorption of ammonium by Bayah natural zeolites is the pseudo-first-order model. Keywords: household waste, ammonium, eutrophication, natural zeolites ABSTRAK Limbah rumah tangga adalah salah satu penyumbang limbah cair terbesar yang dapat mencemari lingkungan salah satunya pencemaran amonium. Pencemaran amonium dapat dikurangi dengan zeolit alam dengan menggunakan metode adsorpsi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan zeolit alam yang memiliki daya adsorpsi terbesar dari 4 lokasi berbeda, melakukan karakterisasi zeolit alam Bayah, dan memodelkan persamaan kesetimbangan dan kinetika reaksi adsorpsi amonium. Karakterisasi zeolit dilakukan dengan analisis X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microsope (SEM), dan luas permukaan material menggunakan model Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah zeolit alam lokasi 4 memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi amonium paling besar, yaitu 9,25%. Adapun kapasitas adsorpsi amonium yang paling besar ditunjukkan oleh zeolit alam Bayah lokasi 4. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa seluruh zeolit Bayah merupakan zeolit bertipe mordenit, klinoptilolit, dan heulandit dengan fasa pengotor quartz. Luas permukaan zeolit alam Bayah lokasi 4 sebesar 46 m2/g. Model kesetimbangan yang sesuai untuk adsorpsi amonium oleh zeolit alam Bayah yaitu model Freundlich. Model kinetika adsorpsi yang paling sesuai untuk adsorpsi amonium oleh zeolit alam Bayah yaitu model kuasi orde satu. Kata Kunci: limbah rumah tangga, amonium, eutrofikasi, zeolit alam
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