Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterised by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Proper nutrition is essential for management of sarcopenia. Thus, this article aims to review the association between dietary pattern or food groups consisting of natural food and sarcopenia. A literature search was performed using four databases namely PubMed, Scopus, Sage and ScienceDirect. The search terms used were ‘fruits’, ‘vegetables’, ‘egg’, ‘fish’, ‘chicken’, ‘protein food’, ‘ulam’, ‘fresh herbs’, ‘sarcopenia’, ‘elderly and ‘older adults’. A total of 18 studies were included in the final review. Adherence to Mediterranean and Japanese dietary pattern were associated with lower prevalence of sarcopenia whereas Western dietary pattern was significantly associated with higher risk of sarcopenia. For food groups, there is a significant association between dietary protein intake and sarcopenia. There are also significant associations between the intake of vegetables, fruits or both vegetables and fruits, and lower risk of sarcopenia. Consumption of natural food comprising of high-quality protein, fruits and vegetables have been associated with protection against muscle wasting and sarcopenia. Therefore, it is possible that a well-planned diet may works just as effectively as or possibly better than individual nutrient supplements for the prevention and treatment for sarcopenia among older adults.
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is often associated with various health related problems. Therefore, this paper aims to review the available literatures to identify the prevalence of malnutrition, prevalence of poor diet quality and its associated risk factors among older adults with low SES. A literature search was performed using four databases namely PUBMED, Google Scholar, Springer and Science Direct. The search terms used were “diet quality”, “nutritional status”, “dietary intake”, “overweight”, “obesity”, “underweight”, “older people” and “low socioeconomic status (SES)”. The overall prevalence of undernutrition among older adults with low SES worldwide was in the range of 28.9% to 48%, while overnutrition was reported to be between 8.1% to 28.2%. In Asia, the prevalence of undernourished older adults ranged from 3% to 64.9%, while 2.5% to 32.8% were overnourished. Most of the studies (60%) included in this review used BMI as the tool to identify malnutrition, but none of the nutritional screening tools were considered to be the ‘gold standard’. For dietary assessment, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multiple 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) improved the estimation of individual dietary intake. Risk factors for poor diet quality included financial hardship, functional limitation, sex, place of residence, smoking and oral health. Poor nutritional status especially lack of good quality diet and thinness are prevalent among older adults with low SES. Hence, it is important to establish nutrition-related programmes and intervention studies among this group of people for improving their health status and quality of life.
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