Metabolic syndrome has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to determine gender differences in the prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a rural Malay population. This cross-sectional study, conducted in Bachok, Kelantan, involved 306 respondents aged 18 to 70 years. The survey used a structured questionnaire to collect information on demographics, lifestyle, and medical history. Anthropometric measurements, such as weight, height, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Venous blood samples were taken by a doctor or nurses and analyzed for lipid profile and fasting glucose. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 37.5% and was higher among females (42.9%). Being unemployed or a housewife and being of older age were independently associated with metabolic syndrome in a multivariate analysis. Weight management and preventive community-based programs involving housewives, the unemployed, and adults of poor education must be reinforced to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome effectively in adults.
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is often associated with various health related problems. Therefore, this paper aims to review the available literatures to identify the prevalence of malnutrition, prevalence of poor diet quality and its associated risk factors among older adults with low SES. A literature search was performed using four databases namely PUBMED, Google Scholar, Springer and Science Direct. The search terms used were “diet quality”, “nutritional status”, “dietary intake”, “overweight”, “obesity”, “underweight”, “older people” and “low socioeconomic status (SES)”. The overall prevalence of undernutrition among older adults with low SES worldwide was in the range of 28.9% to 48%, while overnutrition was reported to be between 8.1% to 28.2%. In Asia, the prevalence of undernourished older adults ranged from 3% to 64.9%, while 2.5% to 32.8% were overnourished. Most of the studies (60%) included in this review used BMI as the tool to identify malnutrition, but none of the nutritional screening tools were considered to be the ‘gold standard’. For dietary assessment, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multiple 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) improved the estimation of individual dietary intake. Risk factors for poor diet quality included financial hardship, functional limitation, sex, place of residence, smoking and oral health. Poor nutritional status especially lack of good quality diet and thinness are prevalent among older adults with low SES. Hence, it is important to establish nutrition-related programmes and intervention studies among this group of people for improving their health status and quality of life.
Pakistan is among the countries with a high rate of fertility and maternal mortality, and it's in a contract with sustainable development goals (SDGs) to achieve its 5th goal (achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls). Remaining this rate high with the availability of evidence-based strategies for reducing maternal mortality and advances in medical technology in Pakistan, this study will attempt to explore the methodology of the Lahore Pregnancy Cohort Study (LPCS). The objectives of the study were to determine the nutritional status, environmental factors (socio-economic status and food insecurity) and psychological status (depression and anxiety) of pregnant women. Moreover, the study will be an ongoing two-year prospective cohort study of Pakistani pregnant women in their 2nd trimester from the outpatient department of Fatima Memorial Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Meanwhile, during pregnancy, their interview was conducted three times in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum.
In spite of robust healthcare strategies and disability rights movement, PWD are still prevalent to poor health. Malnutrition, either under-nutrition or over-nutrition, is evident among PWD. Among children and adolescents with disabilities, underweight prevalence
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