The interest in Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) as a promising feedstock for bioconversion into value added products is growing fast, thus a thorough analysis of its component becomes necessary. In this study, the biomass chemical composition and physical feature of OPEFB was analysed to explore and understand the potential of OPEFB as bioconversion feedstock. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) standard protocols were used to characterize and determine the chemical composition of OPEFB. Through this protocol, the structural and non-structural constituents and their compositions were determined based on unextracted and extracted native OPEFB. Structural constituents include the carbohydrate, such as the glucan, xylan and arabinan, and lignin accounted for 31.2%, 18.7%, 2.7%, and 27.7%, while the non-structural constituents mainly refer to ash and extractives accounted for 0.10% and 11.87%. In addition, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis were also used to further characterize the chemical structure of OPEFB. The FTIR spectral peaks representing the functional groups cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were observed. Through XRD analysis, the crystallinity index of native OPEFB fiber was calculated around 40%, while it was 37% for the powder form OPEFB. Nevertheless, the physical feature or surface morphology of the OPEFB fiber has been study by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It shows a rigid strand's surface and the presence of silica bodies which commonly found in woody plant.Keywords: lignocellulose, composition, morphology, spectroscopy, crystallinity Abstrak Minat terhadap tandan kosong buah kelapa sawit (OPEFB) sebagai bahan mentah secara penukaran bio telah menjanjikan hasil produk tambah nilai yang berkembang pesat, oleh itu suatu analisis yang menyeluruh komponennya menjadi keperluan. Dalam kajian ini, komposisi kimia biomas dan ciri-ciri fizikal OPEFB dianalisis untuk meneroka dan memahami potensi OPEFB sebagai bahan mentah untuk penukaran bio. Protokol piawai National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) telah digunakan untuk mencirikan dan menentukan komposisi kimia OPEFB. Melalui protokol ini, juzuk struktur atau bukan struktur dan komposisi mereka telah ditentukan. Juzuk struktur termasuk karbohidrat, seperti glukan, xilan dan arabinan dan lignin menyumbang kepada 31.2%, 18.7%, 2.7%, dan 27.7%, manakala juzuk bukan struktur terutamanya merujuk kepada abu dan ekstraktif menyumbang kepada 0.10% and 11.87%. Di samping itu, analisis Spektroskopi Inframerah Transformasi Fourier (FTIR) dan belauan sinar-X (XRD) juga digunakan untuk mencirikan lagi struktur kimia OPEFB. Puncak spektrum FTIR yang mewakili kumpulan berfungsi daripada selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin telah diperhatikan. Melalui analisis XRD, indeks penghabluran gentian OPEFB asli dikira sekitar 40%, manakala ia adalah 37% untuk OPEFB berbentuk serbuk. Walau bagaimanapun, ciri atau permukaan fizikal morfologi serat OPEFB asli yang telah dikaji dengan menggunakan Mikro...
Pemfluoridaan air merupakan proses penambahan bahan fluorida di dalam sumber air terawat sehingga tahap fluorida di dalam air tersebut mencapai tahap yang disarankan oleh pihak berkuasa dan seterusnya memberi manfaat kepada pengguna untuk kebaikan gigi dan tulang. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) telah mengesyorkan julat nilai kepekatan dos fluorida dalam sistem air di Malaysia adalah dalam lingkungan nilai 0.4 mg/L hingga 0.6 mg/L. Ion fluorida bukanlah suatu keperluan bagi pertumbuhan manusia tetapi dianggap penting untuk mengelakkan kerosakan gigi dan tulang, terutamanya kepada kanak-kanak. Kajian kritis yang telah dijalankan ini memfokuskan kepada keperluan pemfluoridaan air terawat di dalam proses rawatan air. Berdasarkan kajian ini, kandungan unsur fluorida dalam air mentah mempengaruhi proses pemfluoridaan air memandangkan kandungan unsur tersebut di dalam air minuman tidak boleh melebihi had yang ditetapkan oleh pihak berkuasa. Terdapat beberapa jenis bahan berfluorida yang biasa digunakan bagi pemfluoridaan air, antaranya natrium fluorida, natrium silikofluorida dan asid fluorosilisik. Penambahan bahan berfluorida ini ke dalam air hendaklah mematuhi dos yang tepat bagi memberi manfaat kepada pengguna dan seterusnya mengelakkan penyakit berkaitan fluorida. Kesimpulannya, pengawasan yang berterusan terhadap kepekatan fluorida pada pelbagai peringkat sama ada dalam peringkat pengumpulan air mentah, rawatan air dan pengagihan air terawat adalah penting bagi memastikan air dengan kandungan fluorida yang optimum dapat dibekalkan kepada pengguna.
Drinking water quality monitoring is compulsory in order to ensure that it does not pose any harm to the public health. Water fluoridation is aimed to provide sufficient amount of fluoride in the drinking water for the consumer dental health benefit. In this study, EPANET software was used to model the water distribution network from a specific water treatment plant and later to simulate the hydraulic and water quality analysis for the system. From the simulation and modeling of the water distribution network, the hydraulic simulation and water quality behavior for fluoride concentration of each nodes and links in the drinking water distribution network were found to change over time following the drinking water distribution segment. From the hydraulic simulation, especially for head and flow at a particular point in time, it consists of simultaneous solution of flow equivalence for every junction and headloss relationship in every link of network as a result of hydraulic balancing. In the water distribution network, every pipe in a network made up a single segment, where the water quality was proportional to its initial quality set at the starting node. In conclusion, the hydraulic status of the physical and non-physical components of the water distribution network found to have a significant impact on the fluoride content of drinking water.
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