Generally, in sports performance, the relationship between movement science and physiological function has been conducted integrating neuronal mechanism over the past decades. However, understanding those interaction between neural network and motor performance comprehensively in achieving optimal performance is still lacking, mainly in cycling. The purpose of this study was to discuss the issues in neuroscience related to brain activity, physiology and biomechanics in achieving optimal performance in cycling. As sports technology improves, more objective measurement can be demonstrated in solving specific issue in cycling, with optimization of performance as the main focus. In this review, the focus on brain activity will be based on the evaluation of the alpha and beta brainwaves as well as the alpha/beta ratio since they are biomarkers of EEG specifically related to cycling performance. Further in-depth understanding of the mechanism and interaction between brain activity, physiology and biomechanics in competitive cycling were acquired and discussed. Moreover, the biomarkers of brain activity related to cycling performance from previous studies were clearly identified and discussed and recommendations to be incorporated in future research were proposed.
Fast food has become popular on a global scale. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of fast-food consumption among university students. A total of 364 students from Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis branch were recruited to participate in this study. Data collection was conducted with a modified version of the standard Nelson's questionnaire. In this study, the prevalence described by percentage shows that 32.7% of participants consume fast food 2-3 times per month. As for the type of food consumption, most participants preferred bakeries or doughnuts (64.6%), and most of them are female. The second rank was pizza/restaurant fast food type, Asian fast food, ice cream and burger shops. The last rank was the sandwich shop type of fast food. These prevalence results provided a descriptive analysis of the frequency of fast food consumption, specifically in this geographic area. It also provided statistics about the type of fast food being consumed by the participants. A comprehensive demographic background and fast food consumption behavior should be focus of the next study.
Road cycling requires cyclists to deal naturally with uncertain environments due to different terrain and responses from competitors. Hence, virtual reality is an alternative tool to provide a safe and competitive environment especially for training and performance during competition. This study intends to evaluate the effects of task difficulty levels in the developed virtual reality on alpha/beta ratio, power output, heart rate, and cadence. The eight cyclists were recruited from National Sport School. The environment of virtual reality is modified from the available virtual reality smart trainer TACX system. The one-way multivariate of variance (MANOVA) identified the effect of 5 different levels of the psychomotor task (independent variables) in the virtual reality on multiple variables of physiological responses. The results from MANOVA revealed a statistically significant multivariate main effect (p < 0.05) for the 5 levels of task difficulty in road cycling when considered jointly on the variables of alpha/beta ratio, power output, heart rate, and cadence; Wilk’s λ = 0.28, F(16,98) = 3.19, partial η2 = 0.27. Alternative nonparametric test for a smaller number of participants also shows there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the 5 levels of task difficulty on alpha/beta ratio and cadence. The result of cadence suggested human interaction with the virtual reality specifically during a psychomotor task to road cycling. The significant effects on the joint physiological responses ensure that the evaluation of the experiment from the procedure of developed task difficulty in the virtual reality is practical and applicable. Future studies could consider an involvement of cognitive functions in response to behavioural mechanism.
Killing or spiking is one of the tactical moves in Sepak Takraw that can help to decide the outcome of a match. This study aimed to explore the relationship between various elements of Sepak Takraw, including spiking technique, point succession, spiking zone, and point area. In this study, the researchers also sought to determine whether the variables, zone of spiking and point succession are related to the point area. The sample consisted of 19 matches from the 2021 STL Champions Cup, with 315 spiking attempts recorded. The data were collected through notational analysis and analyzed using statistical methods of Crosstabs and Chi-Square tests (with a significance level of p < 0.05), through SPSS version 25. The findings showed no significant connection between the spiking technique and the point succession (p = 0.831), or between the spiking technique and the spiking zone (p = 0.730) and between the area of point and the point succession (p = 0.253). However, there was a significant correlation between the spiking technique and the point area (p = 0.001), as well as between the point area and the spiking zone (p = 0.016). These results indicate that proper spiking technique can significantly impact the outcome of Sepak Takraw match and further research is needed to investigate the role of other tactical elements, such as serving, blocking, and rally play.
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