Previous studies have proved that chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) feet
Introduction: Protein profiling of harmful algae is an ongoing study where the latest analysis was conducted on A. minutum. It is a fundamental study where the protein expression of targeted species can be used to understand the biochemical pathway of selected proteins. The Malaysia Alexandrium spp. has the potential to cause massive blooming that brings harm to the aquatic ecosystem. Methods: In this experiment three methods of cell lysis were tested against A. leei isolated from Malaysian waters. Results: The Axenic culture of the sample was established in enriched seawater media (ESDK) with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark conditions. The sample was extracted during exponential phase (day 18) where the same amount of cells was collected via centrifugation. The same buffer was used for each technique of cell lysis in order to get the best protein profiles in terms of a band or spot intensity and number. The cells of A. leei were lysed using sonication in the ice-cold water bath, sonication with probe and freeze-thawing followed by sonication in iced bath is the best method of protein extraction. Conclusions: Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the qualitative analysis using SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis could be best method and the freeze thawing mode of cell lysis produced an excellent result among others as the protein spots produced were precise and less streaking were observed.
The naturally occurring phenomenon of harmful algae blooming (HAB) at the water column brought detrimental effects to the economy as well as the environmental health of the water ecosystem. Most cases of HABs reported in Malaysia waters are dominated by dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp. In this study, A . tamiyavanichii and A . leei with different toxicity levels were analyzed using two-dimensional PAGE and HPLC analysis. The growth pattern of both species was identified and compared by using proteomic approaches at each growth phases . Protein expression reduced throughout the growth phases of A . tamiyavanichii but elevated during stationary phase of A . leei . A short duration of stationary phase suggests the continuous expression of growth proteins in A .leei . GNAT family acetyltransferase and lipases were successfully identified enzyme protein in A . tamiyavanichii and A . leei respectively with growth regulatory functions. The toxin profiles of both species exhibited a higher level of toxin content in A . tamiyavanichii with 88 mol % of total toxins recorded as compared to 12 mol% in A . leei . The highest toxin content was recorded during the exponential phase of A . tamiyavanichii with a dominance of GTX4 and STX congeners. Fundamental studies of dinoflagellates from it's molecular as well as byproduct analysis are useful to understand the biochemistry of the HAB species. The findings from this study can provide the basic knowledge on the biochemical properties of HAB species and the behavioral of affected organisms.
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