Previous studies have proved that chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) feet
The naturally occurring phenomenon of harmful algae blooming (HAB) at the water column brought detrimental effects to the economy as well as the environmental health of the water ecosystem. Most cases of HABs reported in Malaysia waters are dominated by dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp. In this study, A . tamiyavanichii and A . leei with different toxicity levels were analyzed using two-dimensional PAGE and HPLC analysis. The growth pattern of both species was identified and compared by using proteomic approaches at each growth phases . Protein expression reduced throughout the growth phases of A . tamiyavanichii but elevated during stationary phase of A . leei . A short duration of stationary phase suggests the continuous expression of growth proteins in A .leei . GNAT family acetyltransferase and lipases were successfully identified enzyme protein in A . tamiyavanichii and A . leei respectively with growth regulatory functions. The toxin profiles of both species exhibited a higher level of toxin content in A . tamiyavanichii with 88 mol % of total toxins recorded as compared to 12 mol% in A . leei . The highest toxin content was recorded during the exponential phase of A . tamiyavanichii with a dominance of GTX4 and STX congeners. Fundamental studies of dinoflagellates from it's molecular as well as byproduct analysis are useful to understand the biochemistry of the HAB species. The findings from this study can provide the basic knowledge on the biochemical properties of HAB species and the behavioral of affected organisms.
Introduction: The collagen can be basically extracted by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. In industry, the chemical hydrolysis method is more commonly used. However, the enzymatic hydrolysis is more effective when the high nutritional value product will be produces based on the extracted material. Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) feet are used as a source of bird collagen. Methods: Optimization of collagen extraction was investigated by using three different methods which were soaked in 5% lactic acid for 36 hours, 0.5 mol/L acetic acid with 0.1% papain and 0.5 mol/L acetic acid with 0.1% bromelain. Various properties such as percentage of end yield, concentration of protein, pH, swelling percentage and SDS-PAGE patterns of collagen from chicken feet were evaluated in order to determine the best method of extraction. Results: Type I collagen was considered as a major component of chicken feet collagen, which indicated by β chain and two distinct α-chains which are α1 and α2 that observed from the electrophoresis pattern of collagen extracted from all three methods. The lactic acid method showed the highest percentage of end yield and concentration of protein compared to the other two methods. However, lactic acid method showed the lowest swelling percentage and higher pH value. Conclusions: According to these results, soaked in 5% lactic acid for 36 hours is possible as the best collagen extraction method from chicken feet.
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