Due to its chemical compounds, coffee has a good taste, pleasant aroma, stimulant effect, and health benefits. Roasting is a critical process to develop a good flavor and cup quality of the coffee brew. This article reviews the coffee chemical reaction proceeds during roasting, evaluates the roasted degree by physic and chemical approach and biochemical changes. The articles were compiled from ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. Out of all of the collected papers, 40 articles were covered in this paper. The initial process of roasting is water content evaporating and continuously is followed by roasting phase including pyrolysis, Maillard reaction and caramelization. The roasted coffee degree is determined by visual, weight loss, acidity, and pop beans sound. The bioactive compounds of coffee such as chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and trigonelline affect brewed coffee’s cup quality. Chlorogenic acid and trigonelline significantly decrease during the roasting process. However, caffein is quite stable during roasting. The roasted coffee performs a function in the consumers’ health since in vitro and in vivo analysis present that bronze roasted espresso has the most powerful activity as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
Climate variability is one of the factors that directly and greatly affect cropping system and plant yield. It is therefore very important to obtain a good understanding about climate variability or changes in the climate and the effect of these changes to clearly understand the vulnerability of food crops as well as its agronomic impacts for us to create and implement adaptive strategies to mitigate its negative effects. This study assessed the effect of climate in rice crop yield in both irrigated and rainfed ecotype farming system in Nueva Ecija Province in the Philippines using semi-annual yield data and the different climate variables such as seasonal rainfall, mean temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity by using empirical/statistical method through time series analysis, and correlation analysis. Results indicated that rice yield for irrigated and rainfed ecosystem type of farming in Nueva Ecija show an overall increasing trend from year 1991-2018, although there are observed decline and fluctuations in some years. The different climate variables (i.e., rainfall, temperature, and humidity) show fluctuating trends and irregularities spanning from the year 1991-2018. But it showed overall decreasing trends for relative humidity and increasing trends for rainfall, minimum temperature, and mean temperature. There are significant correlations between rice yield the all the climate variables in both irrigated and rainfed farming ecosystem types.
Sumbawa is famous for its marine tourism, apart from the beauty of its beaches, Sumbawa also has marine fauna that attracts the attention of tourists, namely whale sharks. It is recorded that there are around 99 species of Whale Sharks located in Saleh Bay, Sumbawa. Thus, making Saleh Bay the location with the second largest whale shark population in Indonesia and UNESCO designated Saleh Bay as part of the SAMOTA biosphere reserve. Currently, whale sharks have protected fauna according to the decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 18 of 2013. This is due to the pollution of whale shark habitats by pollutants including garbage and microplastics. In addition, the Overexploitation of whale sharks is some of the causes of the significant decline in whale shark populations. Marine ecotourism activities in the form of exhibiting Whale Sharks to tourists can be an alternative way of sustainable use because it has minimal impact on individual Whale Sharks, in addition, marine ecotourism activities can also provide economic benefits to the Sumbawa community and regional development including supporting efforts to protect and preserve the whale shark fauna. The Study "Community-Based Whale Shark Conservation to Strengthen Marine Tourism Management in Sumbawa “aims to present a blue economy model for coastal communities in Sumbawa and increase community participation in conservation activities, as well as improve the welfare of coastal communities in Sumbawa.
Kelapa sawit merupakan sumber daya alam di sektor perkebunan yang bentuk kanopi hampir seragam, dimana semakin dewasa, tutupan kanopi kelapa sawit akan semakin rapat dan mempengaruhi langsung terhadap karakteristik fisika lingkungan (iklim mikro) disekitarnya. Pendugaan fluks bahang terasa pada pertanaman kelapa sawit penting dilakukan untuk menduga kontribusi kelapa sawit dalam meredam atau melepas panas ke lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode aerodinamik dan penman-monteith. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa bahwa nilai penerimaan radiasi global, suhu udara, dan kecepatan angin maksimum di kedua perkebunan terjadi pada siang hari , sedangkan nilai maksimum kelembaban relatif pada kedua wilayah terjadi pada pagi hari untuk nilai penerimaan radiasi global dan suhu udara pada lingkungan pertanaman kelapa sawit muda (umur 2 tahun) lebih tinggi darpada umur dewasa ( umur 12 tahun), sedangkan untuk nilai kecepatan angin dan kelembaban relatif terjadi sebaliknya, puncak fluks bahang terasa terjadi pada siang hari pada kedua umur tanaman kelapa sawit. Fluks bahang terasa pada pertanaman kelapa sawit muda (umur 2 tahun) lebih tinggi dibandingkan umur dewasa (umur 12 tahun), dengan nilai rata-rata pada masing-masing pertanaman sebesar 20.02 W/m² dan 9.16 W/m².
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