Introduction: Vertigo and dizziness are common symptoms reported in audiology and ENT clinics. One of the objective assessments includes the video head impulse test (vHIT) where gain & amp; velocity responses of eye movements relative to the head movements are recorded using an infrared camera. Materials and Methods: Thirty normal hearing subjects age between 18 to 25 years old participated in this study. Exclusion factors include those with the history of head or neck injury and vertigo. At least ten lateral, left anterior right posterior (LARP), and right anterior left posterior (RALP) responses were recorded for each participant by making small unpredictable head movements. Results: The average velocity gain for lateral responses at 40 ms, 60 ms and 80 ms were 1.05 ± 0.003, 1.03 ± 0.002 and 1.01 ± 0.003 respectively. The LARP and RALP average velocity regression were 1.01 ± 0.24 for left anterior and 1.05 ± 0.25 for right posterior, 1.08±0.31 for right anterior and 1.12 ± 0.30 for left posterior. One sample T-test was conducted to compare lateral responses to a previous study by Mossman et al. 2015. There were significant differences in velocity gain at 60 ms and 80 ms where, t (59) = 5.56, p < 0.01 and t (59) = 2.86, p < 0.01, respectively. Conclusion: This indicates the importance of establishing norms for clinics as various factors could affect the results such as techniques used and equipment differences. A follow-up study on subjects with vestibular disorders is required to validate this data as a normative reference.
AbstrakFenomena kemunculan perniagaan teroka baharu oleh wanita bukanlah topik baru jika disusuri dari susur galur sorotan kajian lepas. Ramai penyelidik lepas melihat pelbagai perspektif yang berbeza-beza mengikut cabang disiplin masing-masing sepertimana ekonomi, pengurusan, psikologi, sosiologi dan lain-lain lagi. Namun ironinya, perbincangan berkaitan proses pembinaan teori keusahawanan wanita dikatakan masih bersifat pramatang. Kajian konseptual ini telah menggunakan kaedah kajian perpustakaan terhadap 95 artikel terpilih bersangkutan fenomena keusahawanan wanita dalam proses penciptaan teroka baharu yang terdiri daripada beberapa jurnal utama bidang keusahawanan wanita. Hasil kajian literatur ini mendapati, penglibatan usahawan wanita melalui perniagaan teroka baharu terbukti memberi impak positif dari sudut peningkatan peluang pekerjaan serta memperkembangkan inovasi produk baru dalam sesebuah negara. Kesinambungannya, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami berkenaan fenomena keusahawanan wanita terutama berkenaan proses penciptaan teroka baharu memandangkan disiplin ini masih lagi bersifat pramatang terutama dalam proses pembangunan teori. Bersandarkan kepada teori Gartner, 1985, penyelidik memberi huraian yang jelas bagi menerangkan bagaimana keusahawanan wanita yang berlaku boleh dikaitkan dengan empat perspektif berbeza iaitu individu, persekitaran, organisasi yang ditubuhkan dan juga proses keusahawanan yang berlaku. Hasil huraian ini memberi gambaran dan sudut pandang yang khusus kepada usahawan wanita untuk memfokuskan kepada sisi yang memberi impak baik kepada perkembangan perniagaan teroka baru mereka. AbstractThe discussion about emerging women’s new venture creation is not a new topic when traced back from the past literature. Previous researchers looked at various perspectives according to their respective disciplines, such as economics, management, psychology, sociology etc. Ironically, the discussion related to the women entrepreneurship theory-building process is said to be premature. This conceptual study has used the library research method on 95 selected articles concerning the phenomenon of women entrepreneurship in the new venture creation process consisting of several main women entrepreneurship journals. Based on the result from literature review, the involvement of women entrepreneurs through new venture businesses proved to have a positive impact in terms of employment opportunities and the development of new product innovations in a country. This study investigated the relevance of the women entrepreneurship phenomenon related to the new venture creation process as this discipline is still premature. Based on Gartner's theory, the researchers provide a clear description of how women’s entrepreneurs can be associated with four different perspectives: individuals, environments, organizations established, and entrepreneurial process. The results of this description can provide a specific overview and perspective for women entrepreneurs to focus on the side that has a positive impact on the development of their new venture business.
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