Biocompatibility and growth of osteoblast on bone scaffolds play an important role towards their therapeutic application.
The selection of the optimum scaffold fabrication method becomes challenging due to a variety of manufacturing methods, existing biomaterials and technical requirements. Although, Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing process is one of the SLA techniques which commonly used to fabricate tissue engineering scaffold, however, there is no report published on the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffold-based PEGDA filled with Aramid Nanofiber (ANFs). Hence, the feasible parameter setting for fabricating this material using DLP technique is currently unknown. This work aims to establish the feasible setting parameter via DLP 3D printing to fabricate PEGDA/ANFs 3D tissue engineering scaffold. Preliminary study has been done to identify the accurate composition and curing time setting in producing scaffold. In this work, the researcher has proved the potential and capability of these novel composition biomaterial PEGDA/ANFs to be print via DLP-3D printing technique to form a 3D structure which is not yet been established and has not reported elsewhere.
Improvement in bone tissue engineered scaffolds plays an important role in determining the healing outcome. This study aims to investigate the functional performance of previously developed nanobiocomposite bone scaffolds using bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) for comparative analysis. The structural morphology and porosity of the scaffolds were analysed using scanning electron microscopy prior to dividing them into two groups, BMP-2 treated and control, for the surface mineralization study, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. The surface mineralization study showed the presence of plate-like calcium and phosphorus apatite crystallites in both groups indicative of the mineralization process. Osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 subclone 4) cultured on the scaffold showed changes in the surface morphology with the presence of mineralization elements and the extensive presence of collagen fibres in BMP-2 scaffolds compared to the control. This was supported by a significant increase in calcium and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity showing enhancement in osteoconductiveness. In vivo studies conducted on 20 male ICR albino mice through subcutaneous dorsum implantation of scaffolds for 2 and 4 weeks showed a significant increase in the histological score for inflammatory cells, scaffold degradation and neovascularization at week 4 compared to week 2 for the BMP-2 scaffold. These findings are supported by a significant decrease in ALP activity indicative of scaffold mineralization. There were no significant differences between BMP-2 and control scaffolds within the period of this study. In conclusion, the functional performance of the scaffolds was mildly accelerated in BMP-2 compared to the control scaffold which showed promising properties in supporting osteogenesis without the use of any promoting factors.
In vivo stability of biomaterial-based bone scaffolds often present a significant drawback in the development of materials for tissue engineering purpose. Previously developed nanobiocomposite bone scaffold using alginate and nano cockle shell powder has shown ideal characteristics. However, it showed high degradation rate and reduced stability in an in vivo setting. In this study, we aim to observe the effect of cross-linking glutaraldehyde (GA) in three different concentrations of 0.5%, 1% and 2% during the fabrication process as a potential factor in increasing scaffold stability. Microstructure observations of scaffolds using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed all scaffolds crossed linked with GA and control had an ideal pore size ranging from 166.8-203.5 µm. Increase in porosity compared to the control scaffolds was observed in scaffolds cross-linked with 2% GA which also presented better structural integrity as scored through semi-quantitative methods. Tested pH values during the degradation period showed that scaffolds from all groups remained within the range of 7.73-8.76. In vitro studies using osteoblast showed no significant changes in cell viability but a significant increase in ALP enzyme levels in scaffold cross-linked with 2% GA. The calcium content released from all scaffold showed significant differences within and between the groups. It can be concluded that the use of GA in the preparation stage of the scaffold did not affect the growth and proliferation of osteoblast and use of 2% GA showed improved scaffold structural integrity and porosity.
Kalsium karbonat (CaCO 3) memainkan peranan yang penting dalam merangsang pertumbuhan osteoblas. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk membandingkan prestasi perancah nanobiokomposit alginat/kulit kerang (nCP) yang mengandungi CaCO 3 dari sumber semula jadi dan perancah alginat/kalsium karbonat (CC) yang mengandungi CaCO 3 sintetik terhadap pertumbuhan osteoblas melalui kajian in vitro dan pemerhatian awal kebioserasian in vivo. Perancah tulang berbentuk tiga dimensi dibangunkan dengan menggunakan campuran 40% Alginat dan 60% serbuk kulit kerang bersaiz nano (perancah nCP) atau serbuk CaCO 3 sintetik (perancah CC). Kajian in vitro terhadap pembebasan kalsium dan aktiviti enzim alkalin fosfatase (ALP) pada kedua-dua perancah yang telah dibenihkan dengan osteoblas ditentukan pada hari ketiga, kelima dan ketujuh pengkulturan. Kajian in vivo dijalankan dengan implantasi subkutan perancah yang telah dibenihkan dengan osteoblas pada bahagian dorsum lapan ekor mencit selama 21 hari. Setelah 21 hari, perancah dikeluarkan dari mencit untuk pemerhatian histologi menggunakan pewarnaan H&E and von Kossa. Hasil kajian in vitro menunjukkan peningkatan secara signifikan (p < 0.05) perembesan kalsium dan aktiviti enzim ALP pada perancah nCP pada hari ketujuh berbanding perancah CC pada hari ketiga dan kelima. Pemerhatian histologi terhadap kedua-dua perancah menunjukkan infiltrasi dan proliferasi osteoblas serta pembentukan tisu tulang peringkat awal. Pembentukan saluran darah juga dapat dikenal pasti pada perancah nCP. Kedua-dua perancah menunjukkan potensi untuk menyokong dan membantu pertumbuhan osteoblas namun perancah nCP didapati menunjukkan potensi yang lebih baik secara keseluruhan. Kesimpulannya, CaCO 3 dari sumber semula jadi iaitu kulit kerang dan bersaiz nano berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai biobahan di dalam aplikasi kejuruteraan tisu tulang.
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