There is an increased interest in the use of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) for orthopedic and dental implant applications due to its elastic modulus close to that of bone, biocompatibility, and its radiolucent properties. However, PEEK is still categorized as bioinert due to its low integration with surrounding tissues. Many studies have reported on methods to increase the bioactivity of PEEK, but there is still one-preparation method for preparing bioactive PEEK implant where the produced implant with desirable mechanical and bioactivity properties is required. The aim of this review is to present the progress of the preparation methods for improvement of the bioactivity of PEEK and to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the existing methods.
A Levi-type analytical solution procedure is developed to characterize static and dynamic deformation response of smart laminated simply-supported composite rectangular plates induced by inclined piezoelectric actuators under (1) constant electrical voltage and (2) time-dependent electrical voltage with excitation frequency. The key to development of this analytical solution is to employ higher order finite integral transform and discretized higher order partial differential unit step function equations. Unlike earlier studies, this research aims to investigate the effect of inclination angle of piezoelectric actuators on static and dynamic deformation response of laminated composite plates under both static and dynamic conditions. The developed analytical solution procedure is implemented computationally through Matlab-based computer code. Its accuracy is initially investigated through convergence study and results comparison with the published literature for a particular case when inclination angle is θ = 0°, which is only limited to bending deformation response. Since there is no published benchmark data for twisting deformation response analysis caused by inclination angle of piezoelectric actuators (θ ≠ 0°), a set of robust and realistic numerical analysis using Abaqus finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted. Good agreement between the analytical and numerical results is observed. Unlike applied electrical voltage, inclination angle of a piezoelectric actuator does not have a significant impact on twisting deformation response during static mode; whereas, both the excitation frequency and inclination angle can significantly influence maximum amplitude of vibration.
Unique properties of thermoelectric materials enable the conversion of waste heat to electrical energies. Among the reported materials, Zinc oxide (ZnO) gained attention due to its superior thermoelectric performance. In this review, we attempt to oversee the approaches to improve the thermoelectric properties of ZnO, where nanostructuring and doping methods will be assessed. The outcomes of the reviewed studies are analysed and benchmarked to obtain a preliminary understanding of the parameters involved in improving the thermoelectric properties of ZnO.
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