Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) is one of the instruments that is often used to determine metal ion concentration in solution. FAAS uses simple operational procedure for metal ions concentration determination and produces accurate metal ion concentrations. Unfortunately, the accuracy of metal ion determination test decreases if the concentration of metal ions is too low, whereas the threshold for metal ions in drinking water is very low. Preconcentration is a method for increasing the concentration of metal ions in sample. An effective preconcentration method needs to be studied to improve the accuracy in the determination of metal ions concentration in water at low concentration using FAAS. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of metal ions preconcentration in water samples using nanomagnetite coated by CMKC. The research was conducted in four stages, 1) synthesis of nanomagnetite coated by CMKC; 2) preconcentration of samples containing Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III); 3) measurement of metal ion concentration with FAAS; 4) effectivity of preconcentration process and preconcentration optimum conditions. The result showed that nanomagnetite coated by CMKC can be used to preconcentration of metal ions Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III) in water samples by utilizing desorption-adsorption mechanism. Desorption was done using 0.1 N HNO3 as a desorption solvent without variation in concentration and desorption time preconcentration optimum conditions for each metal ion were as follows, adsorption condition of Ni(II) was pH 7 and 60 minutes; Cr(III) was pH 7 and 40 minutes; Co(II) was pH 7 and 60 minutes; Cu(II) pH 6 and 40 minutes. The effectiveness of preconcentration at optimum conditions for each metal ions are: %Cr(III) > %Cu(II) > % Co(II) > %Ni(II), successively.
To increase the effectiveness of therapy and prevent such damage, nanocarriers can be used as drug carriers through intraarticular injection. The active ingredient of the drug is bound to the nanoparticle-wrapping membrane which is controlled by a magnetic field from the outside. The nanoparticles used in this study were nanomagnetites which were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. Then nanomagnetite is coated with a coating agent that can bind the active ingredients of the drug while preventing agglomeration and oxidation. The coating used carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan (CMKC). CMKC synthesis was carried out by modifying kappa-carrageenan through two steps, alkalization of k-carrageenan using NaOH, to form alkoxy-k-carrageenan, then etherification of alkoxy-k-carrageenan with monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as reactant to produce carboxymethyl k-carrageenan (CMKC) in isopropanol and ethanol solvent media. The absorption of diclofenac sodium into nanomagnetite coatings was carried out on a phosphate buffer media of pH 7.4 with an absorption time of 30 minutes at room temperature. From the results of the research note that sodium diclofenac successfully adsorbed onto nanomagnetite coatings.
This research aimed to analyze the effect of synthesis reaction medium polarity on the DS value of CMKC, we were studied the use of isopropanol-ethanolethyl acetate mixture at some proportion variation, as synthesis reaction medium, relation between polarity of reaction medium and DS value of CMKC, then determine optimum proportion of isopropanol-ethanol- ethyl acetate, as reaction medium, that was produced CMKC that has highest DS value. This research was done in two step (1) synthesize of cmkc by monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as etherification agent and mixture of isopropanolethanol-ethyl acetate as reaction medium (2) characterization of CMKC properties to determine the effect of synthesis reaction medium polarity against DS value. The results showed that reaction medium polarity affect on the value of DS. CMKC synthesis that was done in isopropanol-ethanol-etyl acetate 25:2:3 v/v has the highest DS value, 1.60.
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