Students who are taking the final semester are students who are completing all their subjects, can take the final project provided they have met the number of credits set to obtain a bachelor's degree. In the process of making a final project, students are required to complete it within a predetermined time, this demand causes students to be depressed, causing stress that affects them in completing their final project and study period. Based on this problem, an Expert System Application was made to Diagnose Stress Levels in Final Year Students by Combining Certainty Factor Methods and Android-Based Forward Chaining Techniques to find out more clearly the level of stress experienced by final year students. The results of the diagnosis on the expert system application and the results of manual calculations on one of the data which is representative of the 200 student data, which produce the same level of confidence, each of which produces a confidence level of 97.97% and was diagnosed with mild stress.Keywords:Android, Certainty Factor, Forward Chaining, Final Year Students, Expert System, Stress.
<p>Southeast Asian peatlands, one-third of global tropical peatlands, have sequestered and preserved gigatons of carbon in the past thousands of year. Rainfall fluctuation on yearly and even hourly timescales plays an important role that defines peat carbon accumulation or loss from tropical peatlands. Notably, research related to the ecosystem-scale carbon exchange, including methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), over tropical peatland ecosystems remains limited. Given their significant carbon stocks, the fate of natural tropical peatlands under current and future climate is unknown.</p><p>We performed a study in Kampar Peninsula, a coastal tropical peatland of around 700,000 ha, in Sumatra, Indonesia. This ombrotrophic (acidic and nutrient-poor) peatland largely formed within the past 8000 years. The peninsula is characterized by a large, relatively intact central forest area surrounded by a mosaic of smallholder agricultural land, and industrial fiber wood plantation, smaller secondary forest areas, and undeveloped open and degraded land. We measured the net ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> exchanges between natural peatland and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique over two years (June 2017-May 2019). In addition, peat subsidence rates were measured using polyvinyl chloride poles at every 1 km along 35 km long transect across the natural forest in the peninsula. In the natural forest, groundwater level shows periodic sharp rises and steady decreases corresponding to rain events. The groundwater level can rise up to 20 cm above the peat surface in the wet season, and then in the late dry season can reach -70 cm.</p><p>Our measurements indicate that the natural tropical peatland functioned as a significant source of CO<sub>2</sub> (410&#177;60 g CO<sub>2</sub>-C m<sup>-2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>) and CH<sub>4</sub> (6.8&#177;0.7 g CH<sub>4</sub>-C m<sup>-2 </sup>year<sup>-1</sup>) to the atmosphere. If we follow IPCC global warming potential (GWP) accounting methodology and apply a 100-year GWP of 34 for CH<sub>4</sub>, this implies that CH<sub>4</sub> emissions contributed ~35% of the 100-year net warming impact. Carbon emissions (due to oxidation of peat, litterfall and coarse wood debris) contributed ~30-35% of the observed subsidence rates. The CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges increased linearly as groundwater level declined. Lower groundwater level enhances peat aeration and potentially increases oxidative peat decomposition, which results in higher CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The CH<sub>4</sub> exchanges decreased exponentially as groundwater level declined.</p><p>The results indicate that tropical peatland ecosystems are no longer a carbon sink under the current climate. Our results, which are among the first eddy covariance exchange data reported for any tropical peatland, should help to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from a globally important ecosystem and improve our understanding of the role of natural tropical peatlands under current and future climate.</p>
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali identitas masyarakat Ciomas berdasarkan cerita rakyat kemudian bagaimana identitas tersebut dikonstruksi. Data berupa cerita rakyat golok Ciomas, hasil wawancara, hasil observasi, dan hasil angket. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis isi. Adapun hasilnya adalah; identitas masyarakat Ciomas berdasarkan cerita mencakup tentang menjunjung tinggi dilaksanakannya adat-istiadat, dan percaya pada hal-hal yang bersifat gaib/mistis. Dari segi kepribadian, masyarakat Ciomas adalah masyarakat yang pemberani, bersemangat, dan mudah iba kepada orang lain. Dari segi kemasyarakatan, masyarakat Ciomas suka bekerjasama, bergotong royong dan suka menolong. Dari segi kealaman (kaitannya dengan alam) masyarakat Ciomas adalah masyarakat yang sangat dekat dengan alam, merawat dan menghargai alam semesta. Dalam bidang ekonomi masyarakat Ciomas mengenal sistem kerja sama, dan dalam bidang agama serta budaya memberi warna bagi identitas masyarakat Ciomas.
<em>Soil-borne soil pathogens are pathogens that inhabit the soil and can survive for years </em><em>in the soil</em><em>, making </em><em>them</em><em> very difficult to control. </em>Control with pesticides and fungicides harms the ecosystem, so other controls are needed such as soil solarization. This study aims to determine the growth response of soil-borne pathogens and soil microbial populations to soil solarization treatment. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments consisting of solarization on soil media, solarization on soil and compost media, without solarization on soil media, and without solarization on soil media and compost on plastic trays. Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The soil-borne pathogens used were <em>Sclerotium rolfsii</em> and <em>Rigidoporus lignisus</em>. Each pathogen was planted in each planting medium with a depth of 5 and 10 cm. Then each tray is covered with 0.1 mm thick transparent plastic. Then given solarization treatment for four weeks. At the end of the observation, sclerotia and <em>R. lignosus</em> were grown on PDA media to be tested for pathogen survival and the solarization efficacy against pathogen growth was calculated. Soil samples from each treatment were also taken to calculate the soil microbial population. The results showed that soil solarization was able to suppress the growth of <em>R. lignosus</em> by 80-100% and <em>S. rolfsii</em> by 100%. Meanwhile, the microbes found in the soil solarization treatment consisted of groups of bacteria and fungi, respectively 7.67×10<sup>4</sup>–1.90×10<sup>7</sup> CFU.mL<sup>-1</sup> and 1.00×10<sup>4</sup>–5.82×10<sup>5</sup> CFU.mL<sup>-1</sup>.
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