Bank erosion is commonly associated with river meandering initiation and development, through width adjustment and planform evolution. It consists of two types of erosion processes; basal erosion due to fluvial hydraulic force and bank failure under the influence of gravity. Most of the studies only focused on one factor rather than integrating both factors. Evidences of previous works have shown integration between both processes of fluvial hydraulic force and bank failure. Bank failure seldom treated as a probabilistic phenomenon without assessing the physical characteristics and the geotechnical aspects of the bank. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate factors governing streambank erosion process and to perform a dimensional analysis considering the physical characteristics of both processes namely fluvial erosion and mass failure and their interaction.
High demand of recycling waste materials are able to solve disposal problem which created opportunities for researcher to use it in their product. Waste clay brick dust is one of the material can be improvised to be tested for the performance of porous asphalt pavement towards rutting problem. In this study, crushed dust of clay brick was used in porous asphalt mixture as mineral filler. 15 samples were produced in different proportions (4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5% and 6%) of bitumen content and each proportion have three samples. The optimum bitumen content (OBC) obtained was 4.75% for modified and 5.9% for conventional porous asphalt. Rutting Test was then tested to evaluate the performance of porous asphalt after being modified with clay dust and compared with conventional mixture of porous asphalt. Modified mixture showed a slight higher in rutting depth of 2.2 mm compared to the conventional mixture of 1.6 mm. This means that modified mixture is less in rutting strength. However, the drain down test showed that modified samples are more intact between binder and aggregate and able to sustain in high temperature. Further modifications are required to enhance rutting strength for modified mixture.
Bukit Merah Dam is Malaysia’s oldest dam and the risk of failure probability is rising as the dam aging physically. The number and magnitude of maximal precipitations caused by changes in weather have been increasing and directly increase the likelihood of developing a dam failure. Risk analysis usually incorporates the theory of probability and the mathematical statistics to obtain the risk of dam failure within the framework of dam safety. However, the experience and judgment of the dam experts are not considered in determining the risk of dams failure. This study aims to determine the risk factor of Bukit Merah Dam through the Delphi technique and to assess the risk factor impacts due to dam failures using the AHP method. There are three risk factors or criteria highlighted in this research which are structural, human and natural. According to the results for the structural criteria, the priority is seepage where the final weight is 70.1%. For the human criteria, the priority is operational mismanagement with the final weight of 58.46%, 31.45%. Lastly, for the natural criteria, the priority is flooding from high precipitation with a final weight of 48.57%. From the consistency ratio, the CR for structural factor is 0.041 while for the human factor is 0.014 and for natural criteria is 0.019. As all the CR value for this criteria is less than 0.1, all participants’ evaluations about dam failure criteria are consistent. In conclusion, the dam operators need to be more vigilant to seepage, operational mismanagement and flooding from high precipitation factors of failure for Bukit Merah Dam.
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