Green and sustainable engineering business models have become a major topic across industries due to concerns regarding environmental issues and the decline of natural resources. Remanufacturing is showing promise as a preferable solution in terms of environmental, societal, and economic factors compared to alternatives such as repairing, reconditioning, and recycling. By considering the nature of the closed cycle loop system, this paper proposes the idea of a transitional agenda into remanufacturing. However, different countries should employ different approaches to such a transition in order to appropriately account for and integrate diverse stakeholders, perspectives, and preferences. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate prioritized elements and sub-elements in the development of a transitional decision-making framework (TDMF) in the Malaysian automotive industry by applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Aggregation of individual and group judgement is done for prioritised elements and their sub-elements, which are then ranked accordingly using element weights based on the acceptance of individual and group consistency index values.

[Purpose] This study investigated the variations in muscle fatigue, time to fatigue, and maximum task duration at different levels of production standard time. [Methods] Twenty subjects performed repetitive tasks at three different levels of production standard time corresponding to “normal”, “hard” and “very hard”. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity. [Results] The results showed that muscle activity was significantly affected by the production standard time level. Muscle activity increased twice in percentage as the production standard time shifted from hard to very hard (6.9% vs. 12.9%). The muscle activity increased over time, indicating muscle fatigue. The muscle fatigue rate increased for the harder production standard time (Hard: 0.105; Very hard: 0.115), which indicated the associated higher risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Muscle fatigue was also found to occur earlier for hard and very hard production standard times. [Conclusion] It is recommended that the maximum task duration should not exceed 5.6, 2.9, and 2.2 hours for normal, hard, and very hard production standard times, respectively, in order to maintain work performance and minimize the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of energy expenditure rate on work productivity performance at different levels of production standard time. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty industrial workers performed repetitive tasks at three different levels of production standard time, normal, hard, and very hard. Work productivity and energy expenditure rate were recorded during the experimental tasks. [Results] The work productivity target was not attainable for the hard and very hard production standard times. This was attributed to the energy expenditure rate, which increased as the level of production standard time became harder. The percentage change in energy expenditure rate for the very hard level (32.5%) relative to the normal level was twice that of the hard level (15.5%), indicating a higher risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders for the harder production standard time. The energy expenditure rate for the very hard production standard time (1.36 kcal/min) was found to exceed the maximum energy expenditure rate recommended for light repetitive tasks involving both arms (1.2 kcal/min). [Conclusion] The present study shows that working with an energy expenditure rate that is either equal to or above the maximum energy expenditure rate of the tasks results in decreased work productivity performance due to the onset of physical fatigue and a higher risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

The aim of this study is to identify the anthropometric differences among Malaysian, Singaporean and Indonesian, and analyse the compatibility of the anthropometric data with the selected Boeing 737 cockpit layout. The data of 16 anthropometric dimension for Malaysian, Singaporean and Indonesian adults were analyzed, arranged according to percentiles (5th, 50th and 95th)and compared. The result of comparative analysis between anthropometric data with the selected cockpit layout dimensions showed that the 95th percentile of anthropometric dimensionsof the Indonesian adult is compatible with the Boeing 737 cockpit layout. The results of this study could be used as references by the aircraft manufacturer to increase the effectiveness of the cockpit design in the future especially in considering the anthropometric data of ASEAN population