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Objective: To evaluate the effects of space maintainers on plaque accumulation, periodontal health and oral microflora. Subjects and Methods: The study participants comprised 38 patients aged 4-10 years requiring either fixed or removable space maintainers. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing index, candidal colonization and Enterococcus faecalis were recorded just before the application of space maintainers (T0) and during treatment at the 1st (T1), 3rd (T2) and 6th (T3) month. Results: The gingival and bleeding on probing index scores increased significantly (gingival index from 0.20 ± 0254 to 0.54 ± 0417 and bleeding on probing index from 7.18 ± 9.946 to 18.07 ± 14.074) in the regions with fixed space maintainers at T3 (p < 0.01). The mean Candida counts also increased (for removable appliances from 1.90 ± 3.638 to 1.98 ± 3.318, p < 0.05, and for fixed appliances from 4.25 ± 4.587 to 4.52 ± 4.431, p < 0.001). The salivary E. faecalis counts at T3 also increased significantly with the use of fixed and removable appliances (for removable appliances from 5.93 ± 2.65 to 85.53 ± 34.1 and for fixed appliances from 4.95 ± 2.94 to 123.59 ± 29.51, p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between the plaque (r = 0.67), gingival (r = 0.76) and bleeding on probing index scores (r = 0.76) and the candidal colonization for the fixed space maintainers (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, both fixed and removable space maintainers led to an increase in the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity as well as to increases in the periodontal index scores. Patients should be informed that space maintainers may serve as a source of infection and that special attention must be given to their oral hygiene.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the total medicament doses and recovery profiles of patients for whom Bispectral Analysis (BIS) monitor was used to monitor sedation. Study design: Thirty-four uncooperative paediatric patients aged 3-6 years who attended to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry for dental treatment were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 17 patients each. Physiological variables including oxygen saturation, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. In one group (BIS-monitored group), drugs were administered to maintain patients’ BIS values between 60-70, while the other group (Non-BIS-monitored Group) was not monitored using BIS. Data was evaluated by Chi-square, Mann Whitney U, Independent Samples t, Paired Samples t and Wilcoxon signed tests, with a p-value of &lt;0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference in total anesthetic doses, incidence of adverse events or recovery profiles of patients between non- BIS-monitored and BIS-monitored groups (p≯0.05). However, distinct correlation was determined among mean values of UMSS and BIS values (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: BIS represents no advantage over the current commonly accepted methods for monitoring sedation depth in children.

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Unreacted monomers eluted from resin-based restorative materials have been considered a reason of local and systemic adverse reactions. This study was designed to determine the effect of finishing and polishing procedures on the elution of Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and HEMA monomers from compomer and bulk-fill composite resins. Bulk-fill composite (3M ESPE GmbH, Seefeld, Germany) and compomer (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) specimens with 3 × 4   mm diameters were prepared. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups, and finishing-polishing procedures were applied only to the experimental groups. Release of residual monomers was analyzed by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after 24, 48, and 72 hours. Repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for comparisons. Finishing and polishing procedures had a significant effect on reducing the quantity of UDMA release in the Filtek™ Bulk Fill composite and Bis-GMA, HEMA, and TEGDMA in the Dyract XP compomer ( p < 0.05 ). The restorative materials investigated here are not chemically stable after polymerization, and concentrations of eluted monomers may reach critical toxicity levels even after one restoration placement. Finishing and polishing procedures are mandatory to reduce residual monomers.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of moderate sedation with nitrous oxide ⁄ oxygen (N 2 O ⁄ O 2 ) alone or combined with different dosages and administration routes of midazolam in uncooperative paediatric dental patients using the Bispectral Index System (BIS). Methods: This one-year clinical study examined first-visit moderate sedation performed in 240 healthy children aged 4-6 years. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to drug, route and dosage, as follows: Group 1 -0.20 mg ⁄ kg midazolam (40 mg ⁄ ml) delivered intranasally; Group 2 -0.75 mg ⁄ kg midazolam (15 mg ⁄ 3 ml) delivered orally; Group 3 -0.50 mg ⁄ kg midazolam (15 mg ⁄ 3 ml) delivered orally. All children in these three groups also received inhalation sedation with 50%-50% N 2 O ⁄ O 2 , whereas children in Group 4 received inhalation sedation with 50%-50% N 2 O ⁄ O 2 only. The outcome of sedation was evaluated as either 'successful', 'failed' or 'not accepted'. Results: The highest success rate was found in Group 1 (0.20 mg ⁄ kg intranasally, 87%), followed by Group 2 (0.75 mg ⁄ kg orally, 79%). The overall mean success rate for all groups was 73%. Conclusions: Moderate sedation can be successfully used in the clinical management of paediatric dental patients, with both intranasal and oral sedation using midazolam in conjunction with nitrous oxide found to be effective methods.

CHPP-treated central incisors requiring apexification demonstrated good success. CHPP can be used for cases in which traditional Ca(OH)(2) apexification is indicated as it has a similar outcome with CHP.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to present the clinical and histopathological evaluation of reactive gingival lesions, such as peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) and peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF), as exemplified in two cases. Clinical Presentation andIntervention: A 12- and a 13-year-old girl were referred to the Department of Pedodontics, both complaining of a painless swelling mass. After histopathological evaluation, the lesions were diagnosed as PGCG and POF. These gingival enlargements were totally resected after adequate clinical and radiological examinations. No recurrence has occurred in the 1-year follow-up period. Conclusion: These cases show that without histopathological evaluation, these two lesions could have been misdiagnosed due to their similarity in appearance. Early detection and treatment of these lesions are important to reduce bone loss or displacement of dental germs or teeth.