Although gender stereotypes is a popular topic in social psychology, research on gender stereotypes in Turkish culture is limited. Therefore the purpose of the study was twofold: (1) to present how people describe women and men, and (2) to generate the underlying themes of the descriptions for each gender in order to present the structure of gender stereotypes in Turkish culture. By using free response method, undergraduates (N = 491) were asked to write down 10 adjectives to describe women and men. Frequencies showed that women were mostly described as
The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effects of sexual orientation (heterosexuals and gay men/lesbians) and gender difference on responses to romantic relationship problems (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect [EVLN] responses) and of perceived partner's EVLN responses in Turkey, and (2) to examine whether internalized homophobia was associated with EVLN responses and perceived partner's EVLN responses for gay men and lesbians. Responses to Dissatisfaction Scale-Accommodation Instrument, Internalized Homophobia, and Demographics Information were administered to 187 participants (44 lesbians, 44 gay men, 53 heterosexual women, 46 heterosexual men).The MANCOVA results showed that men reported higher loyalty than women, whereas women presented more exit responses than men. Further, the interactions between gender and sexual orientation on the participants' EVLN responses and on the perceived partner's EVLN responses were significant. With respect to heterosexual women, heterosexual men displayed more loyalty responses. Lesbians had higher scores on loyalty than did heterosexual women. Lesbians also had higher scores on perceived partner's exit response than did heterosexual women and gay men. On the contrary, heterosexual women reported more perceived partner's voice response than lesbians. In addition, lesbians reported higher perceived partner's neglect responses than heterosexual women. Compared to heterosexual women, heterosexual men reported higher perceived partner's exit response. Finally, internalized homophobia was associated with destructive responses for both lesbians and gay men.
It is worthwhile to search the associations among militaristic attitudes, national identity, and uninational ideology empirically because they may be highly relevant to various issues such as support for military actions, using military to solve intergroup conflicts, and the willingness to join the army. The main purpose of the article was to empirically examine the associations among militaristic attitudes, national identity, and uninational ideology. To pursue this aim, we first developed a militaristic attitudes scale, covering attitudes toward military, militarization, and militarism (Study 1); and then explored the predictive powers of Turkish identity and uninational ideology on the militaristic attitudes (Study 2). University students (N = 339; 215 women and 124 men; Mdnage = 23, Mage = 23.84, SD = 4.44) completed an item pool of Militaristic Attitudes Scale and demographic information form in Study 1. Factor analyses of the scale resulted in 5 factors (attitudes toward followings issues: existence of the military [α = .95], value of the military [α = .89], militaristic system [α = .81], political position of military [α = .75], and compulsory military service [α = .87]). In Study 2, 583 university students (318 women and 265 men; Mdnage = 22, Mage = 22.09, SD = 2.32) completed the scales of militaristic attitudes, social identity, and uninational ideology as well as demographic information form. People who strongly identified with Turkish nationalism and supported uninational ideology had higher positive militaristic attitudes after controlling for demographic variables. These studies resulted in a reliable and valid scale to test militaristic attitudes at various levels such as institutional, system based, and ideological. Both studies provided some possible answers about who would support militaristic attitudes more within a society. These results may be useful for researchers who study militarism, militarization, identity, and nationalism.
The purpose of the study was to adapt the Honor Scale (HS), which is composed of four different honor codes including feminine honor, masculine honor, family honor, and moral integrity (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead, & Fischer, 2002b) by adding culture-congruent items, and examine the reliability and validity of the emerging scale. In line with this purpose, three studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 57; Mage = 33.46, SDage = 15.53) was carried out to acquire additional culture-congruent items, which was used in the Study 2 (N = 422; Mage = 28.84, SDage = 6.84) on the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of HS. Moreover, Study 3 (N = 818; Mage = 21.30, SDage = 2.15) was conducted to evaluate the generalizability of the Study 2, by using only the original HS items. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a three-factor solution for the scale (feminine honor, masculine honor, and moral integrity). Cronbach"s alpha coefficients for the scale was .94 (Study 2) and .90 (Study 3); and ranged from .82 to .92 (Study 2) and .85 to .88 (Study 3) for the subscales. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses show that the Turkish version of HS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the studies relevant to this topic. Onur Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınlık, erkeklik, aile ve ahlaki bütünlük olmak üzere dört onur kodundan oluşan Onur Ölçeği"ni (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead ve Fischer, 2002b) kültüre uygun yeni maddeler ekleyerek Türkçe"ye uyarlamak ve oluşan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik bulgularını incelemektir. Bu amaçla üç farklı çalışma yapılmıştır. Mevcut kültüre uygun yeni maddeler eklemek amacıyla 1. Çalışma (N = 57; Ort.yaş = 33.46, S = 15.53), yeni maddelerin eklendiği ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğini test etmek için 2. Çalışma (N = 422; Ort.yaş = 28.84, S = 6.84) yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmadan çıkan sonuçların genellenebilirliğini anlamak amacıyla, sadece orijinal maddelerin kullanıldığı 3. Çalışma (N = 818; Ort.yaş = 21.30, S = 2.15) yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulguları, üç faktörlü bir yapıya (kadınlık, erkeklik ve ahlaki bütünlük) işaret etmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısının α = .94 (2. Çalışma), α = .90 (3. Çalışma), ölçeğin alt faktörleri için α = .82 ve α = .92 (2. Çalışma) ve α = .85 ve α = .88 (3. Çalışma) arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, psikometrik özelliklere dair bulgular ölçeğin Türkçe formunun konu ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek düzeyde geçerlik ve güvenirliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
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