The purpose of the present study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effects of sexual orientation (heterosexuals and gay men/lesbians) and gender difference on responses to romantic relationship problems (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect [EVLN] responses) and of perceived partner's EVLN responses in Turkey, and (2) to examine whether internalized homophobia was associated with EVLN responses and perceived partner's EVLN responses for gay men and lesbians. Responses to Dissatisfaction Scale-Accommodation Instrument, Internalized Homophobia, and Demographics Information were administered to 187 participants (44 lesbians, 44 gay men, 53 heterosexual women, 46 heterosexual men).The MANCOVA results showed that men reported higher loyalty than women, whereas women presented more exit responses than men. Further, the interactions between gender and sexual orientation on the participants' EVLN responses and on the perceived partner's EVLN responses were significant. With respect to heterosexual women, heterosexual men displayed more loyalty responses. Lesbians had higher scores on loyalty than did heterosexual women. Lesbians also had higher scores on perceived partner's exit response than did heterosexual women and gay men. On the contrary, heterosexual women reported more perceived partner's voice response than lesbians. In addition, lesbians reported higher perceived partner's neglect responses than heterosexual women. Compared to heterosexual women, heterosexual men reported higher perceived partner's exit response. Finally, internalized homophobia was associated with destructive responses for both lesbians and gay men.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, medya karakterleriyle kurulan parasosyal etkileşimin doğasını anlamak, öncülleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve parasosyal etkileşimle ilgili daha önce gerçekleştirilmiş önemli araştırmaları gözden geçirmektir. Bu doğrultuda parasosyal etkileşimin öncülleri ve ilişkili olduğu değişkenler hakkında bilgi sahibi olunması ve bu değişkenlerin sosyal yaşama olası etkilerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Daha önce gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar dikkate alındığında daha çok dizilerde yer alan karakterle kurulan ilişkilere odaklanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada da ağırlıklı olarak dizi karakterleriyle kurulan etkileşime odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak, parasosyal etkileşim kavramının doğasına ve öncüllerine değinilmiş, daha sonra bu etkileşimin kişilerarası ilişkilerle benzerliklerinden söz edilmiştir. Son olarak da bu konuyla ilgili yapılmış, parasosyal etkileşimin özellikle yaş, cinsiyet, yalnızlık, sosyal kaygı gibi değişkenler açısından incelendiği araştırmalara ve bazı önerilere yer verilmiştir.
SUMMARYPrinting warning messages on cigarette packages is one of the policies against smoking. Millions of people are exposed to these warning messages every day. Therefore, it is essential to improve the effectiveness of these messages and evaluate their effects on individuals. This study aims to discuss the studies investigating health warnings on cigarette packages. In this context, studies about the design of warning messages (e.g. Should we use combined warnings which contain pictorials and texts together or should they contain only pictorials or only texts?; Do we need to return to plain packages?) on cigarette packages were reviewed. Then, studies related to the content of the messages were reviewed since the content of the messages (i.e. message framing) could also be effective on smoking just as the package design. Graphic warning labels on cigarette packages may generate defensive reactions. In this regard, these defensive reactions against graphic warning labels were addressed within the frameworks of psychological reactance theory (1), cognitive dissonance theory (2), terror management theory (3) and self-affirmation theory (4). Finally, how these defensive reactions could be reduced (e.g. framing sentences as questions instead of affirmative sentences) was reviewed on the basis of related literature.
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