The xylan recovered from alkaline black liquor (ABL) of oil palm frond (OPF) has the potential to be converted into value-added products that hold promise, especially for the pharmaceutical industry. This research highlights the maximum xylan relative recovery extracted from ABL by varying the extraction parameters such as the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (2 to 10%) (w/v), reaction temperature (60 to 140 °C), and extraction time (30 to 150 min), followed by a 2-stage precipitation method. 6 M of hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used in the first stage to separate the lignin sub-fraction (LF) from the ABL, and 95% ethanol was used in the second stage to obtain xylan sub-fraction (XF). The optimal condition of 6% NaOH (w/v), 100 °C, and 60 min was able to recover 84% of xylan, with low contamination of lignin (7.7%) and glucan (0.3%) in XF, while higher contamination of lignin (19.3%) and glucan (10.9%) with lower amount of xylan (8.8%) were found in LF. The amount of lignin and glucan in LF through the first precipitation was higher than in XF from the second precipitation, leaving remaining fraction of XF mainly composed of xylan. In sum, the developed process reduced the alkali consumption while retaining a high xylan recovery under mild process conditions.
Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae (P. oryzae) is one of the most serious diseases infecting rice worldwide. In the present study, virulence pattern of six P. oryzae pathotypes (P0.0, P0.2, P1.0, P3.0, P7.0 and P9.0) identified from the blast pathogen collected in Peninsular Malaysia, were evaluated using a set of 22 IRRI-bred blast resistance lines (IRBL) as well as to determine the resistance genes involved. The information on the virulence of the blast pathotypes and the resistance genes involved is important for breeding of new rice variety for durable resistance against blast disease. The IRBL was established from 22 monogenic lines, harbouring 22 resistance genes [Pia, Pib, Pii, Pit, Pi3, Pi5(t), Pish, Pi1, Pik, Pik-s, Pik-m, Pik-h, Pik-p, Pi7(t), Pi9, Piz, Piz-5, Piz-t, Pi19, Pi20(t), Pita-2, and Pita=Pi4(t)]. Based on the disease severity patterns, the tested pathotypes were avirulence towards seven IRBLs [IRBLi-F5, IRBLk-Ka, IRBLkh-K3, IRBLz-Fu, IRBLsh-S, IRBLPi7 (t) and IRBL9-W] of which these IRBLs harbouring Pii, Pik, Pik-h, Piz, Pish, Pi7(t) and Pi9 resistance genes, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that the seven IRBLs carrying seven resistance genes [Pii, Pik, Pik-h, Piz, Pish, Pi7(t) and Pi9] would be suitable candidates of resistance genes to be incorporated in new breeding lines to combat the current blast pathotypes in the field.
The black liquor generated from the alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is usually disposed of into wastewater, which could lead to environmental pollution. Alkaline black liquor (ALBL) contains a large amount of xylan with a small fraction of lignin, making it a promising raw material for the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). In this study, xylan was extracted from the ALBL generated upon treating the oil palm frond (OPF) with sodium hydroxide via two-stage precipitation for the separation of lignin and recovery of xylan. As a result, approximately 84.0% of xylan retrieved from the ALBL was recovered. Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to recover the maximum amount of XOS from xylan. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis produced the highest XOS (62.5%) under optimal conditions of 50 °C, 4 U/mL xylanase, and 3% xylan loading for 48 h. The study provides insight for maximizing utilization of ALBL of OPF for future biorefinery economy.
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