Summary
The relevance of graphene‐based materials throughout the niche area of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is indeed the main focus of this review. Specific properties of two types of solar cell materials, namely hybrid perovskites and graphene‐based materials are at the core of significant breakthroughs in a wide range of applications. The specific features of graphene‐based materials, along with their unique properties, have been utilized mainly in the development of photovoltaic devices. PSCs are known to have promising device performance and surpass other third‐generation solar cells, including organic photovoltaics, quantum dot solar cells, and dye‐sensitized solar cells. However, PSCs address several limitations in the device mechanism and material stability. PSCs performance tends to deplete over time due to several factors such as the degradation of materials used in the device caused by exposure of thermal and moisture, as well as an undesired chemical reaction in the interfaces. Several experimental studies, especially on the integration of carbon materials, including the graphene, have been extensively explored. The integration of graphene‐based materials is one of the potential methods for altering and modifying components in PSCs, including perovskite structure and charges transport layers. Therefore, this review gives an overview of recent progress in the development of PSCs with the integration of graphene‐based materials. The emphasis will be on the influence brought by graphene‐based materials on the charge transport mechanism at the interfaces and perovskite morphology toward the improvement of photovoltaic performance and stability.
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was fabricated with natural chlorophyll dye extracted from pandan (Pandannus amaryllifolius) leaves as natural sensitizer. Chlorophyll dye was extracted from pandan leaves using different organic solvents, namely, ethanol, acetonitrile, chloroform, ethyl ether, and methanol, to determine the effects of solvent type on the extraction. The optical and structural properties of the natural extract were also analyzed. UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier transmission infrared studies (FTIR) indicated the presence of chlorophyll in pandan leaves. The absorption spectrum of the dye extract was compared with that of the dye adsorbed onto the TiO 2 surface. The dye structure was then confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The effectiveness of electron transfer was found to be related to the interaction between the chlorophyll dye and the TiO 2 film surface. The morphological properties and composition of dyes were analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX studies. The photovoltaic response of DSSC was investigated by recording I-V characteristics under illumination. DSSC sensitized with the pandan extract yielded the following parameters: Isc = 0.4 mA, Voc = 0.559 V, Pmax = 0.1 W, FF = 60.51% and η = 0.1%.
Since their discovery, MXenes have conferred various intriguing features because of their distinctive structures. Focus has been placed on using MXenes in electrochemical energy storage including a supercapacitor showing significant and promising development. However, like other 2D materials, MXene layers unavoidably experience stacking agglomeration because of its great van der Waals forces, which causes a significant loss of electrochemically active sites. With the help of MoS2, a better MXene-based electrodecan is planned to fabricate supercapacitors with the remarkable electrochemical performance. The synthesis of MXene/MoS2 and the ground effects of supercapacitors are currently being analysed by many researchers internationally. The performance of commercial supercapacitors might be improved via electrode architecture. This analysis will support the design of MXene and MoS2 hybrid electrodes for highly effective supercapacitors. Improved electrode capacitance, voltage window and energy density are discussed in this literature study. With a focus on the most recent electrochemical performance of both MXene and MoS2-based electrodes and devices, this review summarises recent developments in materials synthesis and its characterisation. It also helps to identify the difficulties and fresh possibilities MXenes MoS2 and its hybrid heterostructure in this developing field of energy storage. Future choices for constructing supercapacitors will benefit from this review. This review examines the newest developments in MXene/MoS2 supercapacitors, primarily focusing on compiling literature from 2017 through 2022. This review also presents an overview of the design (structures), recent developments, and challenges of the emerging electrode materials, with thoughts on how well such materials function electrochemically in supercapacitors.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated using natural sensitizers extracted from rengas (Gluta spp.) and mengkulang (Heritieraelata) wood. The natural sensitizers are extracted using a cold extraction and the Soxhlet extraction methods. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the optical characteristics of the sensitizers via ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optical band gap and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of each investigated sensitizer are calculated on the basis of the analyzed data collected from photoluminescence and cyclic voltammetry. The DSSCs with the mengkulang sensitizer have better conversion efficiency (n = 0.1695%) than the DSSCs with the rengas sensitizer (n = 0.109%). The performance of the DSSCs indicates an increment as the ratios of the mixed mengkulang:rengas (60%:40%) and mengkulang:rengas (40%:60%) sensitizers increase up to 0.296 and 0.292%, respectively.
This work discussed the corrosion behaviour of the internal surface of pipeline steel caused by petroleum products' composition, particularly crude oil. Internal and external pipeline corrosion is the notable cause of pipeline failure in Malaysia's oil and gas industry. However, internal corrosion is preferred to be concerned in this work because it involved one of the significant corrosive media in crude oil, such as sulfur content. This project aims to find the sulfur concentration in the crude oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The corrosion rate, corrosion current and corrosion potential of the API 5L X65 grade carbon steel pipeline in different simulated H 2 SO 4 solution concentrations were carried out using the Tafel extrapolation technique. The samples' corrosion properties were morphologically measured through the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. The results showed pipeline steel's corrosion rate significantly increased with increasing H 2 SO 4 concentrations. The corrosion products formed on the pipeline steel surfaces were mainly composed of iron sulphate, iron sulphide, and iron oxide. These findings are crucial to understanding the corrosion behaviour caused by crude oil and should be further investigated with the other influential factors such as temperature and petroleum flowing velocity. API 5L X65 pipeline steel, crude oil, corrosion behaviour, H 2 SO 4 concentration, Tafel extrapolation
In this study, photovoltaic performance was improved when two natural sensitizers, namely, rengas (Gluta spp.) and mengkulang (Heritiera elata), were mixed with ruthenium (N719) sensitizer. Five different ratios were prepared and their performances were compared with individual sensitizers. The components of the sensitizers were analyzed via ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The band gap values and the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) levels were calculated using data obtained from photoluminescence analysis and cyclic voltammetry. The mengkulang: N719 (80%:20%) sensitizer exhibits the highest conversion efficiency (ŋ), which is 0.58% with an open circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.63 V, a short circuit photocurrent density (J sc) of 2.1 mA/cm 2 , and a fill factor (ff) of 0.44. By contrast, the individual mengkulang sensitizer presents a poor conversion efficiency (ŋ) of 0.16%.
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