Recent studies indicated that reactive interactions between carbon dioxide (CO2), brine, and rock during CO2 sequestration can cause salt precipitation and fines migration. These mechanisms can severely impair the permeability of sandstone which directly affect the injectivity of supercritical CO2 (scCO2). Previous CO2 injectivity change models are ascribed by porosity change due to salt precipitation without considering the alteration contributed by the migration of particles. Therefore, this paper presents the application of response surface methodology to predict the CO2 injectivity change resulting from the combination of salt precipitation and fines migration. The impacts of independent and combined interactions between CO2, brine, and rock parameters were also evaluated by injecting scCO2 into brine saturated sandstone. The core samples were saturated with NaCl brine with salinity between 6,000 ppm to 100,000 ppm. The 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.% of different-sized hydrophilic silicon dioxide particles (0.005, 0.015, and 0.060 μm) were added to evaluate the effect of fines migration on CO2 injectivity alteration. The pressure drop profiles were recorded throughout the injection process and the CO2 injectivity alteration was represented by the ratio between the initial and final injectivity. The experimental results showed that brine salinity has a greater individual influence on permeability reduction as compared to the influence of particles (jamming ratio and particle concentration) and scCO2 injection flow rate. Moreover, the presence of both fines migration and salt precipitation during CO2 injection was also found to intensify the permeability reduction by 10%, and reaching up to threefold with increasing brine salinity and particle size. The most significant reductions in permeability were observed at higher brine salinities, as more salts are being precipitated out which, in turn, reduces the available pore spaces and leads to a higher jamming ratio. Thus, more particles were blocked and plugged especially at the slimmer pore throats. Based on comprehensive 45 core flooding experimental data, the newly developed model was able to capture a precise correlation between four input variables (brine salinity, injection flow rate, jamming ratio, and particle concentration) and CO2 injectivity changes. The relationship was also statistically validated with reported data from five case studies.
Abstract.A major issue for the oil and gas industry is the producing of high water from many fields due to massive water injection. Reducing the water production while improving oil recovery from these fields is a major challenge. Polymer gel has been widely used to shut off water-producing zones, but it is not suitable for high temperature reservoirs (> 100 °C). The aims of the present study were to investigate bentonite particles swelling properties and influence of specific ion type (monovalent/divalent) present in water in swelling behaviour, and hence their potential for plugging high water production zones. In this study series of free swelling tests were conducted on bentonite with varying salinity, pH and temperature. The study found that cation valence, salinities and pH had significant impacts on swelling performance of bentonite particles. Bentonite changed from highly swelled material to aggregate in high salinity. Test results showed that the free swelling of bentonite decreased with the increase of cation valence and concentration. Monovalent cations concentration greatly influenced the swelling volume of bentonite, whereas the influence of the increasing concentration of divalent cations was marginal. As the radius of the hydrated ionic increased, the free swell of bentonite in same valance cation solutions raised. Moderate swelling changes were obtained when the solution pH increased. Meanwhile, increases in temperature will increase the swelling of bentonite due to growth in frequency of interlayer cations and water molecules. Bentonite particles swelling could be controlled and inhibited by varying solution salinities and/or altering interlayer exchangeable cations. Thus, bentonite particles swelling will be triggered by low salinity, after it's been injected and mixed with lower reservoir water salinity.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.