LiSn 2 P 3 O 12 with sodium (Na) super ionic conductor (NASICON)-type rhombohedral structure was successfully obtained at low sintering temperature, 600°C via citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. However, when the sintering temperature increased to 650°C, triclinic structure coexisted with the rhombohedral structure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Conductivity-temperature dependence of all samples were studied using impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range 30 to 500°C, and bulk, grain boundary and total conductivity increased as the temperature increased. The highest bulk conductivity found was 3.64×10 −5 S/cm at 500°C for LiSn 2 P 3 O 12 sample sintered at 650°C, and the lowest bulk activation energy at low temperature was 0.008 eV, showing that sintering temperature affect the conductivity value. The voltage stability window for LiSn 2 P 3 O 12 sample sintered at 600°C at ambient temperature was up to 4.4 V. These results indicated the suitability of the LiSn 2 P 3 O 12 to be exploiting further for potential applications as solid electrolytes in electrochemical devices.
Multilayering of optical thin films is widely used for a range of purposes in photonic technology, but the development of nanofiber structures that can outperform thin films and nanoparticles in optical applications cannot simply be disregarded. Hybrid structures composed of Tm3+-doped SiO2–HfO2 in the form of nanofibers (NFs) and thin films (TFs) are deposited on a single substrate using the electrospinning and dip-coating methods, respectively. Ultrafine nanofiber strands with a diameter of 10–60 nm were fabricated in both single and multilayer samples. Enhanced photoluminescence emission intensity of about 10 times was attained at wavelengths of around 457, 512 and 634 nm under an excitation of 350 nm for NF-TF-NF* hybrid structures when compared with single-layered NF and TF structures. The arrangement of nanofibers and thin films in a multilayer structure influenced the luminescence intensity and spectral bandwidth. High transparency in the range of 75–95% transparency across the wavelength of 200–2000 nm was achieved, making it ideal for photonic application. Theoretical findings obtained through IMD software were compared with experimental results, and they were found to be in good agreement.
Effective supply chain management is essential to drive an organisation's performance through increased productivity. This paper aims to identify the various risk sources that cause supply chain risks to occur in the Malaysian manufacturing industry. In addition, the type and frequency of supply chain risks and discussing the best approach to reduce these risks in the context of the manufacturing industry. A survey method was adopted using a questionnaire to collect the necessary information in order to achieve the aim and objectives of this study. Information was collected from several manufacturing sectors in Malaysia, namely; the automotive, electronics and food sectors. The respondents were people having practical knowledge of risk management, including supply chain managers and supervisors. The survey results were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The analysis of the results indicated that the primary source that led to the occurrence of supply chain risks was mainly due to the delay in responding to the risks. The associated risks that often occur in the manufacturing industry were also identified, namely, changes in customer demand and increasing raw material prices. In addressing these risks, it was found that communication and the exchange of information were the most important practices and initiatives to help reduce the occurrence of supply chain risks. Accordingly, this study is considered as a pilot study given the small number of respondents. Thus, it can be used as a preliminary guideline for future research work.
This study was undertaken to investigate the structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of Fe3+ substituted Mg0.55Si1.9Al0.1(PO4)3 compound synthesized by water-based sol–gel technique. X-ray diffraction showed that the compound crystallized in monoclinic crystalline phase with a space group of P1 21/c1. The sample sintered at 850 ˚C exhibited the highest conductivity of 1.42 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 373 K since it contained the highest number of mobile ions. It also exhibited the highest value of ion mobility, μ of 1.13 × 10-11 cm2 V-1 s-1 at ambient temperature which was attributed to the optimum size of migration channel as indicated by its unit cell volume. Linear sweep voltammetry result showed that the Mg0.55Si1.9Al0.1Fe0.1(PO4)3 was electrochemically stable up to 3.0 V. Meanwhile, its ionic transference number of 0.99 suggested that the majority of the mobile charge carriers were mainly to ions, expected to be Mg2+ ions.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.