Occupational exposure of healthcare workers to blood and body fluids following skin injury constitutes a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. The risk of exposure is greater as well. The present study aimed to determine the burden and risk factors of sharp object injuries in two tertiary hospitals in the Taif City KSA. Retrospective review of needle stick injury records was included from the two hospital's staff clinics. A Total of 131 health professionals (employees) recorded as exposed to sharp object injuries from both hospitals were enrolled during period 2016–2018. The collected data was cleaned, reviewed and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences SPSS ver. 25. The result of the study revealed that, the mean age for the 131 enrolled participants was 31 ± 6.6, Male to Female Ratio was 1:3. The most affected age group was 20–30 years (55.7%). Females were more affected 98 out of 131 (74.8%) than male (33out of 131 (25.2%). And there is increasing incidence rates of exposure from 2.89 /10.000 patient/day in 2016 to 3.42/ 10.000 patients'/day in 2017, with highest exposed nationalities; Filipino 42 (32.1%), Saudi 31 (23.7%), and Indians 26 (19.8%), the remaining 24.5% were from 10 mixed nationalities. The frequent affected divisions were: ER, surgical ward, operation room, ICU, laboratory, Medical W, Medical waste facilities (19.8%, 15%, 12.2%, 9.2%, 92% respectively). The most affected HCWs categories were nurses 74(56.5%), doctor 23(17.6%) and housekeeping 18 (13.7%). And the needle prick 104(79.4%) and cut wound 15(11.5%) constitute the highest type of injuries and were during operation 23 (17.6%), waste collection 15 (11.5%), cannulation 12 (9.2%) and giving injection 12 (9.2%). The common devices caused injuries were bore hole needle 63(48.1%), suture needle **(13.7%), cannula and insulin syringe 13 (9.9%) each. This study concluded that, as from 2016−2018, there was an increasing rate of reported accidental exposure to sharp needle injuries amongst HCWs from 3.0 to 3.4/10.000 patient/day, and the younger and nurses were mostly impacted. Workplace, distress, work types and load had influences on injuries rates and types. Fortunately, no exposure among employee with HBV, HCV and HIV seroconversion were documented.
T2DM is a long-term metabolic disorder characterized by either the pancreas' inability to produce enough insulin or the body's inability to properly utilize the insulin it produces. The β-cell function and blood glucose homeostasis are two areas where TCF7L2 (Transcription factor 7 like 2) appears to be a significant candidate gene. KCNQ1 (potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily, member 1 has been discovered as a T2DM susceptibility gene in Asian populations by genome-wide association studies with rs2237892 polymorphism and an increased risk of developing T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNP studies in T2DM patients. In this study, 60 T2DM cases and 60 controls were selected. Genotyping was performed for rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNPs using specific primers and restriction enzymes, then all PCR products were loaded on an agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The current study results confirmed rs7903146 SNP was strongly associated with genotype (OR-4.14; 95%CI:1.07-15.98; p=0.02) and allele frequencies (OR-4.60; 95%CI:1.66-12.70; p=0.001) whereas in rs2237892 SNP was not associated with any of the genotypes (OR-4.29; 95%CI:0.46-39.58; p=0.16; OR-3.21) or allele frequencies (OR-6.26; 95%CI:0.74-52.83; p=0.055). The current study results were found to be associated with global studies carried out in rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNP. The strength of this current study was to involve Saudi nationalities and we have screened rs7903146 and rs2237892 SNPs which plays a major role in T2DM. Involving 60 T2DM cases/60 controls was the major limitation of this study. Missing validation through Sanger sequencing analysis was one of the limitations of this study. In conclusion, the current study results confirmed rs7903146 SNP was strongly associated with T2DM and rs2237892 SNP was not associated with T2DM patients.
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19) is one of the pandemics registered for 2020, with the entire world affected. COVID 19 disease is diagnosed based on symptoms and risk factors, and both swab and RT-PCR tests are available to confirm the disease. The aim of this study was to the underlying health issues which might be connected to development of severe COVID19.A retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary hospital (Corona center) in Saudi Arabia from August 2020 to December 2020 to identify the risk factors of mortality in ICU admitted COVID-19 patients and to assess the underlining sociodemographic and medical conditions that may lead to the development of severe COVID-19. Data was collected from patients' medical records. In this study, 174 subjects were recruited and 71.3% of the population is male and 28.7% as female. Survival was 52%, whereas non-survivors was 48%. The average age was 57.7±16.0 years old. The most common clinical manifestations were shortness of breath (75.9%), cough (67.8%), and fever (64.9%). T2DM was one of the highest co-morbidities was documented. Binary logistic regression analysis confirmed both the age and fever showed the positive association (p<0.05) and the serum parameters such as CRP, d dimer, neutrophils and lymphocytes showed the elevated levels and positive association (p<0.05). In conclusion, the current study results confirmed HTN, CKD, and heart disease comorbidities all played a substantial impact in the development of COVID-19, and that older age (>60 years) also played a role in COVID 19 patients. Saudi Arabia is one of the nations that has successfully managed the COVID 19.
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