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Abstract. This study investigates the chemical and morphological characteristics of cassava peel (CP) biomass as a potential coagulant aid for turbidity, heavy metals and microbial removal. FE-SEM micrograph shown the surface of the CP samples was covered with smooth and globular in shaped of bound starch granules. FTIR spectra demonstrated that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were present in abundance. Whereas analysis by XRF spectrometry indicated the CP samples contain Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 which might contribute to its coagulation ability. The features of CP obtained from this study promotes the feasibility of CP to be further developed and studied to produce effective coagulant aid as sustainable alternative to reduce the usage of chemical coagulants.

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The introduction of natural materials into the coagulation-flocculation process need to be practiced as common as possible. The previous literature indicated that utilization of natural material is actually worth to be developed and if possible, into the commercial one. However, the application of natural coagulants itself as the primary treatment is not sufficient, due to the rise in constraints which limited its performance. Emerging technologies and depth studies are actually helping these limited conditions to grow them as good as the performance of chemical coagulants. Alternatively, the natural-based coagulants are commonly used as coagulant aids alongside chemical coagulants, which have created a highlight in water research. This review covers the type of coagulants used in the coagulation-flocculation of wastewater treatment especially in the usage of natural-based coagulants. This review paper also outlines the future prospects of natural materials as aids and its potential as sustainable composite coagulants.

This paper describes the experimental investigation of relationship between splitting tensile strength and flexural strength with the compressive strength of concrete containing waste PET as fine aggregates replacement. Waste PET was reprocesses and used as the artificial fine aggregate at the replacement volume of 25%, 50% and 75%, Cylindrical and prism specimens were tested to obtain the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength at the age of 28 days. Based on the investigation, a relationship for the prediction of splitting tensile and flexural strength was derived from the compressive strength of concrete containing waste PET as fine agglegate replacement.

Abstract.The natural water falls from the mountain is merging into the oceans. This water is preserved by humans that are consumed for agriculture, industrial, and municipal use. This water become wastewater after different usage, and finally, completes the hydrological cycle. The water becomes wastewater due to population growth, urbanization, industrialization, sewage from household, institutions, hospitals, industries and etc. Wastewater can be destructive for the public because it contains a variety of organic and inorganic substances, biological substances, toxic inorganic compounds and the presence of toxic materials. The coagulant chemicals and its associated products are resourceful but these may change the characteristics of water in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, this make matters worse in the disposal of sludge. An option of natural polymer can be used in water and wastewater in this review. The natural polymers are most efficient that provide several benefits such as; prolific, exempt from physical and chemical changes from the treated water.

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This research is carried out to investigate the performance of concrete containing Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste as fiber. PET bottle waste was chosen because it is being thrown after single use and cause environmental problem. One way to recycle wasted PET bottles is grinded into irregular fiber. Then, it was incorporate with the concrete and test the performance of the concrete. The study was conducted using cylindrical mold of concrete to investigate the performance of the concrete in term of mechanical properties. A total of four batches of concrete were produced namely, normal concrete and concrete containing PET fiber of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% fraction volume. In this research, the mechanical properties that were measured are compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity (MOE) following British Standard method. The results revealed that the presence of PET fiber in concrete will increase the concrete performance. Nevertheless, the content of PET fiber was specified in a specific limit to avoid effect of concrete strength.