Abstract-Soft-body invertebrates, such as sponges are physically-weak organisms; however they mostly survive for thousands of years. This is due to the fact that they are capable of defending themselves from predators by releasing toxic substances as their secondary metabolites against the predators. These compounds are highly potent for medicine such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. A large quantity of sponges are needed to produce bioactive compounds as their secondary metabolites only could get in small amount. This could provoke the sea-sponges overexploitation. Cultured sponges could be the one of the alternatives to prevent excessive natural sea-sponge exploitation. However, it is still unclear whether the cultured sponge has similar bioactivity compare to the natural sponge as well. The purposes of this research were to extract secondary metabolites from natural and cultured sea-sponges (Haliclona molitba and Stylotella aurantium), and to evaluate their antimicrobial, hemolysis, and hemagglutination activities with differentiation (?) on cultured and natural sponges. Aquadest and methanol were used as solvents on this research. Methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activity using the round disc diffusion. Hemolysis and hemagglutination assays utilized red blood from Deutsch Democratic Yokohama (DDY) mice. Hemagglutination and hemolysis results were measured with a microplate reader. The extraction yield of natural sponge was not significantly different from cultured one. The aqueous extract resulted in higher yield than methanolic extract. As antimicrobial activity, Bacillus cereus was the most sensitive against the crude extracts either from the natural and cultured sponges among all tested bacteria. Although both types of sponges did not show hemolysis activity, they showed hemogglutination activity.

Aims: Biofilm is an assemblage of microorganisms enclosed in a matrix of extracellular materials, such as, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), and relates to bacterial virulence, pathogenesis, and environmental survival. Bacteria inside biofilm are more resistant to conventional antibiotics and the host immune system. Non-biocidal antibiofilm compounds have been developed to address this problem. Specifically, actinomycetes have known to produce many metabolite compounds that have useful application in medicine and biotechnology. The study aimed to characterize bioactive compounds from actinomycetes crude extract that have capability as a multispecies antibiofilm agent. Methodology and results: In this study, none of the isolates had shown any antimicrobial activity. Based on the antibiofilm assay, most of the isolates have the capability to inhibit and to destroy biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria at a 5% and 10% dosage. The crude extracts showing the highest activity for antibiofilm inhibition were extracted from Streptomyces sp. The characterization of the bioactive compounds showed that different components of a particular isolate responsible for its antibiofilm activity against pathogenic bacteria. The SW19 isolate had a nucleic acid, KP12 isolate had a combination of the three component (polysaccharide, protein, and nucleic acid), and CW17 isolate had a combination of polysaccharide and nucleic acid as the active compound for antibiofilm activity. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Thus, the bioactive crude extracts from actinomycetes has high potential to be used in treating biofilm-related infection and further research is needed to purify the bioactive compound from the crude extract which has antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.

Tempeh is the main type of traditional Indonesian food that is processed from soybeans fermented by Rhizopus microsporus. This study aims to measure the antioxidant activity of some kind tempeh using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Measurement of antioxidant activity toward tempeh took directly from the producer, tempeh produced on a laboratory scale using Rhizopus spp., Bacillus spp., and Klebsiella sp. K110, tempeh fried and steamed, and tempeh during the fermentation stage. The results showed that the fermentation process soybeans into soybean increase antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of tempeh from producers varies between approximately 52-70%. It is because of tempeh fermented at uncontrol conditions so that the microorganisms involved in the fermentation time is also uncontrol. Potential microorganisms vary in determining antioxidant activity. In the group of Rhizopus spp. (ATH 35, ATH 24, ATH 53), it showed that the highest antioxidant activity was found in ATH 35 (84%). In the group of Bacillus spp. the highest antioxidant activity produced by B. megaterium (76%) and higher than the Klebsiella sp. K110 (75%). Thus, the fermented soybeans into tempeh increase antioxidant activity. The existence of the antioxidant activity of tempeh was affected by strains of microorganisms involved during fermentation and processing time that will be consumed.

Most of every part of bamboo plants had economical value. The wood is used as building and furniture, the shoot is processed as health foods and medicines, the root and culms are used as traditional medicine. The leaf has been believed that it could heal diarrhea in piglets, rabbit, poultry and calves. This research was designed to investigate the inhibition activity of apus bamboo leaf extracts against four strains pathogenic Escherichia coli. The leaf of apus bamboo (G. apus) was extracted in methanol, ethanol and methanol-ethanol (1:1), subsequently dried and assayed for their antibacterial activity using diffusion and dilution. Among three solvents used in this study, ethanol was the best with a yield of 18.74% and its effectivity was about 0.44% compared to tetracycline. The bioactive compounds in the extract were fatty acids, esters and alcohols.

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The aim of this research was to identify chemical compounds in cat eye dammar. The method included functional groups characterization by infrared spectrophotometer and identification using Pyrolisis-GC/MS. Infrared spectra of crude sample showed that there were some functional groups such as alkyl, carbonyl, vinyl, and hydroxyl. Identification by Pyrolisis-GC/MS showed that dammar consisted of at least 67 compounds. This natural gum components could be categorized into 4 groups, i.e. tetra cyclic hydrocarbon (30 compounds, 49.57%), penta cyclic (3 compounds, 2.56%), C 15 compounds (11 compounds, 17.09%), and other group (23 compounds, 18.26%). According to the Py-GC/MS data, brassicasterol is the highest relative concentration in dammar, i.e. 20%.

This research aimed to develop biopackaging materials using thermoplastic starch matrix and Indonesian dammar extracts possessing antimicrobial activity, i.e. flesh dammar (Shorea leprosula) and stone dammar (S. eximia), for preserving comminuted meat. The packaging matrix was prepared using continuous melt mixing of tapioca starch and glycerol in a co-rotating twin extruder. Subsequently, the matrix was dipped in dammar extracts, with or without the addition of antimicrobial agents such as propyl paraben, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, and silver nitrate. As a result, flesh dammar performed greater antibacterial activity than that of stone dammar. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of silver nitrate in the biopackaging was comparable to that of zinc chloride while combined with dammar, but zinc acetate was less effective. On the other hand, active biopackaging comprised of combination of dammar and propyl paraben was the least effective. Among the eight combinations of two dammar extracts and four antimicrobial agents, flesh dammar extract comprised of 0.1% (w/v) zinc chloride and 1.0% (w/v) lecithin was found as the most promising formulation for dipping with regard to its production cost and antimicrobial activity. Total plate count (TPC) in comminuted meat wrapped with active biopackaging (initial microbial load of 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10 4 CFU/g) decreased to 2.8 ± 0.1 × 10 4 CFU/g over 9 days of storage at 40°C temperature. This number was lower than TPC value of nitrate-preserved meat (3.4 ± 0.2 × 10 4 CFU/g and 5.9 ± 0.4 × 10 5 CFU/g, respectively).Keywords: active biopackaging, comminuted meat, dammar, preservation ABSTRAK1 Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan pengemas dari pati termoplastik sebagai matriks dan damar dari Indonesia yang mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri untuk mengawetkan daging cincang. Damar yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah damar daging (Shorea leprosula) dan damar batu (S. eximia). Matriks disiapkan melalui pencampuran tepung tapioka dan gliserol dalam