We assessed the trophic structure of the fish fauna in Sinhá Mariana pond, Mato Grosso State, from March 2000 to February 2001. The aim was to determine the feeding patterns of the fish species during the rainy and dry seasons. The diets of 26 species (1,294 stomach contents) were determined by the volumetric method. Insects and fish were the most important food resources: insects were the dominant food of 23% and 27% of the species, respectively, in the rainy and dry season, and fish was the dominant item for 31% of the species in both seasons. Cluster analysis (Euclidean Distance) identified seven trophic guilds in the rainy season (detritivores, herbivores, insectivores, lepidophages, omnivores, piscivores and planktivores), and five trophic guilds in the dry season (detritivores, insectivores, lepidophages, omnivores and piscivores). The smallest mean values of diet breadth were observed for the specialist guilds (detritivores, lepidophages and piscivores), in both seasons. The widest means for diet breadth were observed for the omnivores, regardless of the season. In general, there was no seasonal variation in feeding overlap among the species studied. At the community level, diet overlap values between species were low (< 0.4) for 80% of the pairs in each season, suggesting wide partitioning of the food resource. The fish assemblage showed a tendency toward trophic specialization, regardless of the season, although several species changed their diets. We might consider two non-excludent hypothesis: that there is no pattern on the use of seasonal food resources and/or probably there are several patterns, because each one is based on characteristics of the studied site and the taxonomic composition of the resident species.Neste trabalho foi avaliada a estrutura trófica da ictiofauna na baía Sinhá Mariana (MT), no período de março de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, com o objetivo de detectar qual o padrão alimentar exibido pelos peixes, durante as estações chuvosa e seca. A dieta de 26 espécies (1.294 estômagos) foi avaliada pelo método volumétrico. Insetos e peixes foram os itens mais consumidos pela maioria das espécies, sendo que o primeiro foi alimento dominante para 23% e 27% das espécies, respectivamente, na cheia e na seca e o segundo para 31% das espécies em ambas as estações. Através da análise de agrupamento (Distância Euclidiana) foram identificadas sete guildas tróficas na cheia (detritívora, herbívora, insetívora, lepidófaga, omnívora, piscívora e planctívora) e cinco na seca (detritívora, insetívora, lepidófaga, omnívora e piscívora). Os menores valores médios de amplitude de nicho trófico foram verificados para as guildas constituídas por espécies especialistas (detritívora, lepidófaga e piscívora), em ambos os períodos. Em oposição, as maiores médias foram observadas para a guilda omnívora, independente do período. Em geral, não houve variação sazonal na sobreposição alimentar das espécies. Em nível de comunidade, os coeficientes de sobreposição alimentar foram baixos (< 0,4) para cerca de 80% das e...

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This study describes the morphology of the digestive apparatus and the size and organic content of the ingested food of five species of benthic-feeding fishes (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis e Iheringichthys labrosus). The samples were taken in the floodplain of the up Paraná River in February and August 1991. The results suggested that these species have different mouth, teeth, gill rakers, stomach and intestine length. These morphologic characteristics were related with the type, size and nutritional quality of the food ingested. Although these species feed on the bottom, the morphologic divergences probably explain the differences in diet.Key words: trophic morphology, bottom-feeding, Paraná River. RESUMO Morfologia trófica de cinco espécies de peixes comedoras de bentos de uma planície de inundação tropicalA morfologia do aparelho digestivo e alguns aspectos relacionados ao tamanho e ao conteúdo orgânico do alimento ingerido por cinco espécies de peixes com alimentação bentônica (Prochilodus lineatus, Steindachnerina insculpta, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Trachydoras paraguayensis e Iheringichthys labrosus) estão descritos neste estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas na planície de inundação do alto Rio Paraná em fevereiro e agosto de 1991. Os resultados mostraram que a posição da boca, os dentes, os rastros branquiais, o estômago e o comprimento do intestino diferenciam essas espécies, e que essas características estão relacionadas ao tipo, ao tamanho e ao valor nutricional do alimento ingerido. Assim, embora essas espécies se alimentem no fundo, as divergências morfológicas explicam as diferenças na dieta.Palavras-chave: morfologia trófica, comedores de fundo, Rio Paraná.

Abstract— Between March 1992 and February 1993 five piscivorous fish species, Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874), Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz, 1829, Salminus maxillosus, Valenciennes, 1840 and Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840), of the high Paranà River floodplain showed a wide total prey spectrum though only three to four taxa were dominant in their diet. Shrimp, Macrobrachium amazonicum, were also common to the majority of species. Seasonal and spatial variations occurred throughout the study period probably due the availability of prey species. The main resources shared by the predators were also the most abundant in the area, with consumption markedly focused on prey about 5.0 cm long. Detrended correspondence analysis was effective in discriminating two groups of predators species that exploited distinct microhabitats. The predators with the least scores consumed small characids that inhabit mid‐water or the littoral region, whereas those with the largest scores consumed prey associated to the bottom.

REsUmoCom o incremento da construção de barragens nos rios brasileiros nas últimas décadas, houve uma necessidade cada vez mais premente de se entender os efeitos desses impactos sobre a ictiofauna. Neste contexto, a alimentação dos peixes tem merecido destaque, uma vez que está diretamente associada ao processo de colonização. Assim, nesta revisão, são apresentadas as alterações nas fontes de alimento e uso dos recursos alimentares pelos peixes em reservatórios brasileiros, nos primeiros estágios do represamento. Fontes alóctones de alimento, tais como a vegetação inundada e os invertebrados terrestres, são rapidamente incorporadas na dieta dos peixes oportunistas. Já as fontes autóctones (vegetais, zooplâncton, zoobentos e peixes), podem aumentar ou sofrer declínio em suas abundâncias, comprometendo de modo diferente a dieta dos peixes. As maiores alterações estão associadas ao notável incremento do zooplâncton que é capitalizado por peixes filtradores, os quais aumentam extraordinariamente suas populações e ao enorme incremento de peixes forrageiros, os quais sustentam as populações de piscívoros, que usualmente são altamente beneficiadas. Todas estas alterações afetam a estrutura trófica do novo ambiente, causando mudanças temporárias nas cadeias alimentares. Ressalta-se, no entanto, que a maioria dos estudos aqui mencionados foram realizados em curta escala temporal e para respostas mais conclusivas sobre a organização trófica da ictiofauna seria necessário um acompanhamento de médio a longo prazo nos ambientes represados. Palavras-chave: Ictiofauna, recursos alimentares, plasticidade alimentar, reservatório. ABsTRACT FIsH FEEDInG In BRAZIlIAn REsERvoIRs: AlTERATIons AnD ConsEqUEnCEs In THE EARlY sTAGEs oF ColonIZATIon. With the increased of dam constructions in Brazilian riversduring the last few decades, it has been necessary to understand their impacts on the fish fauna. Fish feeding behavior is directly associated with the reservoir colonization process. thus, in this review paper we show the changes in food sources and their use by fish in Brazilian reservoirs during the early stages of colonization. Food allochthonous sources, such as flooded vegetation and terrestrial invertebrates, are quickly used by opportunistic fishes. Availability of autochthonous sources (plants, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fishes) may increase or decrease, changing the fishes diet of different ways. The greatest alterations are the notable increase of zooplankton which is capitalized by filtering fishes, increasing extraordinarily their populations; and the enormous increase of the forage fishes, which usually lead to an increase in abundance of piscivores. These changes affect the trophic structure in the new environment, leading to temporary changes of the food web. However, most studies cited in this review paper were conducted over a short temporal scale. to reach more conclusive answers about the trophic organization of the fish fauna, monitoring programs encompassing middle to long term scales in the impoundments are re...

This study examined the diet and trophic structure of the fish fauna, over temporal and spatial scales, as affected by the impoundment of the Iguaçu River in the region of Salto Caxias, Paraná State, Brazil. Sampling was conducted before (March 1997 - February 1998) and after the impoundment (March 1999 - February 2000), at four sampling sites. The stomach contents were analyzed by the volumetric method. The species could be organized in 10 trophic guilds: algivores, carcinophages, detritivores, herbivores, aquatic insectivores, terrestrial insectivores, invertivores, omnivores, piscivores, and planktivores; the first and last guilds were represented only in the post-impoundment period. Similarity patterns and feeding changes were summarized by a non-metric Multi-dimensional Scaling (nMDS) analysis and statistically tested by a Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Most species showed feeding changes, except for the piscivores and detritivores. These changes were related to the temporal factor (impoundment phases), such as reduced intake of benthic organisms and allochthonous food, which were usually replaced by resources from the reservoir itself (algae, microcrustaceans, and fish), simplifying the food spectrum of the fish fauna. A different indicator of food resources (IndVal) corroborated these changes in the feeding of the species. The proportions of the trophic guilds evaluated based on the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and tested by ANOSIM were significantly different before and after the impoundment. Herbivores and piscivores were the guilds that contributed (SIMPER) to these differences, especially the high increase in biomass of the piscivore guild after the impoundment. Variations in the abundance of trophic guilds were more directly related to changes in the feeding habits of the fish fauna than to increases in the number and biomass of the species that constitute these guilds.

This study described the use of food resources and the distribution of fish trophic guilds along the longitudinal gradient of a coastal Atlantic stream, southern Brazil. Allochthonous resources (terrestrial insects) predominated in the headwaters, whereas autochthonous food items (algae, fish) and detritus predominated in the mouth section. Detritivorous, aquaticinvertivorous, and terrestrial-and aquatic-insectivorous species occurred throughout the gradient, while omnivorous and piscivorous in the headwaters and middle stretches, respectively, and herbivorous in the middle and mouth. Detritivores and aquatic-insectivores were significantly more specialized than the other guilds, however, there was no evidence of a longitudinal increase in trophic specialization. Density and biomass of aquatic-invertivores and aquatic-insectivores decreased, whereas that of detritivores increased longitudinally. The distribution of trophic guilds was significantly associated with the stream section, where aquatic and terrestrial insectivorous were more frequent in rocky and flowed stretches from the headwater and detritivores in deeper environments with finer particles of substrate from the mouth. This suggests that fish assemblages in coastal streams with a steep longitudinal gradient may follow patterns in the use of food resources according with the food availability along the river, as predicted by the River Continuum Concept.Este estudo descreve o uso dos recursos alimentares e a distribuição das guildas tróficas de peixes ao longo do gradiente longitudinal de um riacho da encosta Atlântica, Sul do Brasil. Recursos alóctones (insetos terrestres) foram consumidos com maior frequência na cabeceira, entretanto, recursos de origem autóctone (algas, peixes) e detritos foram mais frequentemente registrados na foz. Espécies detritívoras, invertívoras aquáticas, insetívoras terrestres e aquáticas ocorreram ao longo de todo gradiente, enquanto que as onívoras e piscívoras na cabeceira e meio, respectivamente, e herbívoras no meio e foz. Detritívoras e insetívoras aquáticas foram significativamente mais especializadas em relação às demais guildas; entretanto, não houve nenhuma evidência de aumento longitudinal da especialização trófica. A densidade e a biomassa de invertívoras e insetívoras aquáticas diminuíram, enquanto que das detritívoras aumentaram no sentido cabeceira-foz. A distribuição das guildas tróficas foi significativamente associada com a secção do riacho, onde insetívoras aquáticas e terrestres foram mais frequentes em trechos rochosos e de elevado fluxo da cabeceira, enquanto que detritívoras em ambientes mais profundos com partículas finas de substrato da foz. Tais resultados sugerem que assembleias de peixes de riachos tropicais de encosta, os quais apresentam acentuado gradiente longitudinal, podem seguir padrões de uso dos recursos alimentares de acordo com a disponibilidade alimentar ao longo do rio, como previstos no Conceito de Continuidade de Rios.

Spatial and temporal variations in patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap were investigated for the fish fauna in the Pantanal region, aiming to determine the factors that account for species coexistence. Samples were conducted in the Cuiabá River and Chacororé pond, in the upper Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, during one hydrological cycle (March 2000 to February 2001, (designed spatial-seasonal units). Mean niche breadth values were overall low for the fish assemblage (0.2-0.3). Differences between periods were not statistically significant. Feeding overlap values ranged between 0 and 0.4, whereas the mean was always inferior to 0.05 in all spatial-temporal units, and differences between periods were not statistically significant. The highest and lowest mean values were both observed in the pond; the former during the drought period and the latter during the flood period. All feeding overlap mean values were significantly higher than the values expected at random in the null model, using both "scrambled-zeros" (RA3) and "conserved-zeros" (RA4) algorithms. Thus, the foraging patterns show evidences of food sharing. The variance generated in the null model had a pattern similar to the niche overlap pattern: observed variance was higher than expected by chance in all spatial-temporal units, suggesting that the fish fauna is structured in trophic guilds. The patterns of food resource use and the different trophic guilds identified, suggest that species probably have different roles in this ecosystem. Our results suggest that food sharing allows coexistence of different fish species.Foram investigadas variações espaço-temporais nos padrões de amplitude de nicho e sobreposição alimentar da ictiofauna de uma região do Pantanal, com o objetivo de determinar os fatores responsáveis pela coexistência das espécies. Os peixes foram coletados no rio Cuiabá e na lagoa Chacororé, na região superior do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil, durante um ciclo hidrológico (março de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001) (designada unidade espaço-temporal). De modo geral, a ictiofauna apresentou baixos valores de amplitude de nicho trófico, sendo que as médias variaram entre 0,2 e 0,3 e não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os valores de sobreposição alimentar foram igualmente baixos, entre 0 e 0,4 e as medianas em cada unidade espaço-temporal foram inferiores a 0,05, sendo que as diferenças não foram significativas. Os maiores e menores valores médios foram observados na lagoa, durante a seca e cheia, respectivamente, sendo essas diferenças significativas. Os valores médios de sobreposição alimentar foram significativamente maiores do que os esperados ao acaso no modelo nulo, usando tanto a opção de zeros embaralhados (RA3) quanto a de zeros retidos (RA4). Assim, os padrões de forrageamento das espécies mostraram evidência de compartilhamento de recursos alimentares. A variância acompanhou o mesmo padrão da sobreposição de nicho, sendo aquela observada sempre maior que a esperada ao acaso, indicando que a ictiofauna, de m...