Spatial and temporal variations in patterns of niche breadth and feeding overlap were investigated for the fish fauna in the Pantanal region, aiming to determine the factors that account for species coexistence. Samples were conducted in the Cuiabá River and Chacororé pond, in the upper Pantanal region, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, during one hydrological cycle (March 2000 to February 2001, (designed spatial-seasonal units). Mean niche breadth values were overall low for the fish assemblage (0.2-0.3). Differences between periods were not statistically significant. Feeding overlap values ranged between 0 and 0.4, whereas the mean was always inferior to 0.05 in all spatial-temporal units, and differences between periods were not statistically significant. The highest and lowest mean values were both observed in the pond; the former during the drought period and the latter during the flood period. All feeding overlap mean values were significantly higher than the values expected at random in the null model, using both "scrambled-zeros" (RA3) and "conserved-zeros" (RA4) algorithms. Thus, the foraging patterns show evidences of food sharing. The variance generated in the null model had a pattern similar to the niche overlap pattern: observed variance was higher than expected by chance in all spatial-temporal units, suggesting that the fish fauna is structured in trophic guilds. The patterns of food resource use and the different trophic guilds identified, suggest that species probably have different roles in this ecosystem. Our results suggest that food sharing allows coexistence of different fish species.Foram investigadas variações espaço-temporais nos padrões de amplitude de nicho e sobreposição alimentar da ictiofauna de uma região do Pantanal, com o objetivo de determinar os fatores responsáveis pela coexistência das espécies. Os peixes foram coletados no rio Cuiabá e na lagoa Chacororé, na região superior do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil, durante um ciclo hidrológico (março de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001) (designada unidade espaço-temporal). De modo geral, a ictiofauna apresentou baixos valores de amplitude de nicho trófico, sendo que as médias variaram entre 0,2 e 0,3 e não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os valores de sobreposição alimentar foram igualmente baixos, entre 0 e 0,4 e as medianas em cada unidade espaço-temporal foram inferiores a 0,05, sendo que as diferenças não foram significativas. Os maiores e menores valores médios foram observados na lagoa, durante a seca e cheia, respectivamente, sendo essas diferenças significativas. Os valores médios de sobreposição alimentar foram significativamente maiores do que os esperados ao acaso no modelo nulo, usando tanto a opção de zeros embaralhados (RA3) quanto a de zeros retidos (RA4). Assim, os padrões de forrageamento das espécies mostraram evidência de compartilhamento de recursos alimentares. A variância acompanhou o mesmo padrão da sobreposição de nicho, sendo aquela observada sempre maior que a esperada ao acaso, indicando que a ictiofauna, de m...
ABSTRACT. Influence of the hydrological cycle on the diet and trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from the Cuiabá River, Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This paper evaluate the influence of the hydrological cycle on the diet and trophic structure of the ichthyofauna from the Pantanal. Samplings were carried out monthly between March 2000 and February 2001, in the Cuiabá River and the Chacororé Lagoon. Analysis of the stomach contents of 58 species determined eight trophic categories. Species of the piscivore, detritivore and lepidophage trophic categories presented little variation in the intake food items and, therefore, they did not contribute to the variation in the composition of the diet in both environments, independently of the hydrological cycle. The effects of the flood pulse were more pronounced in the numerical abundance and biomass of detritivore and omnivore trophic categories and were depended on the environment for piscivore, invertivore, and insectivore. Apparently, specificity of the food items along with the probable high availability of food resources in the studied environments contributed to the low variation due to the hydrological seasonality in the trophic organization of the ichthyofauna. By the increment of the hydrological connectivity, the flood pulse of the Cuiabá River allows the exchange of organisms throughout the system, thus determining the variability in the structure of the trophic categories. KEYWORDS.Feeding, trophic structure, flood pulse, Neotropical fishes. RESUMO.Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do ciclo hidrológico sobre a dieta e estrutura trófica da ictiofauna no Pantanal. Foram realizadas amostragens mensais entre março de 2000 e fevereiro de 2001, no rio Cuiabá e na lagoa Chacororé. A análise dos conteúdos estomacais de 58 espécies permitiu o reconhecimento de oito categorias tróficas. Peixes das categorias piscívora, detritívora e lepidófaga foram os que apresentaram menor variação na composição da dieta em ambos os ambientes, independente do período hidrológico. Os efeitos do pulso de inundação foram pronunciados na abundância numérica e na biomassa das categorias detritívora e omnívora, enquanto variações nestes parâmetros apresentaram-se relacionadas ao tipo de ambiente para as categorias piscívora, invertívora e insetívora. Os resultados sugeriram que tanto a especialização por alguns itens alimentares quanto a provável elevada disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nos ambientes investigados contribuíram para o fraco efeito do ciclo hidrológico na organização trófica da ictiofauna. Através do aumento da conectividade hidrológica, o pulso de inundação do rio Cuiabá possibilita o deslocamento dos organismos pelo sistema, que deve determinar a variabilidade na estrutura das categorias tróficas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE.Alimentação, estrutura trófica, pulso de inundação, peixes neotropicais.Estudos sobre alimentação da ictiofauna permitem reconhecer categorias tróficas distintas e inferir sobre a estrutura e o grau de importância dos diferentes níveis...
Interspecific differences in diet of the two sympatric fish species of the subfamily Aphyocharacinae were investigated. Both were sampled monthly (March 2000 to February 2001 during the rainy and dry season in North region of the Pantanal. Aphyocharax anisitsi was an invertivorous/insectivorous species, feeding mainly on aquatic insects during the rainy season and terrestrial insects in the dry season. Aphyocharax dentatus remained a piscivorous regardless of the hydrological season. Low feeding-overlap values, 0.079 in the dry season and no overlap in the rainy season were observed. The diet-breadth values for each species were low (less than 0.1) except for A. anisitsi in the lake during the dry season (0.4). A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) summarized the diet similarity patterns: in DCA 1, it was observed that fish prey grouped A. dentatus in the lower scores, and insect prey grouped A. anisitsi in the higher scores. A twoway ANOVA showed that the diets differed significantly between the species. Our results show a clear trophic segregation between these species, supporting the niche concept that presumes that differences between sympatric species must exist, to allow their coexistence. Besides extreme segregation, it was clear that A. dentatus is a piscivorous fish, despite its low size (until 72 mm). This finding counteracts the current view about food web structure that poses a direct and positive relationship between body size and trophic position.
· Abstract: Pomadasys corvinaeformis is one ofthe most abundant species found in Guaratuba Bay, an Atlantic coastal, estuarine ecosystem in Paraná, Brazil. We tested whether this species comprises a resident or migratorial population. Abundance, size distribution, and gonad development of individuaIs captured during the year show that pre-adults enter the system when salinities are greater (autumn and early winter). During this time, they are mostly associated with mangroves and adjacent areas. When salinities begin to fall (late spring and summer) these now maturing individuaIs return to the sea where they spawn. Thus, P. corvinaeformis is migratorial and estuarine-dependent and uses this area prior to sexual maturity. During the period in this bay, P. corvinaeformis presents a great plasticity of feeding habits, that include mainly Crustacea, Mollusca and Thaliacea.. Resumo: Pomadm,ys corvinaeformis é uma das espécies de maior representatividade na ictiofauna da Baia de Guaratuba, litoral do Estado do Paraná. Este trabalho investigou se a espécie compõe ali uma população permanente, residente no sistema, ou se é migratória, fi"eqüentando-oapenas em épocas determinadas. Resultados de 12 meses sobre variações de abundância, distribuição de tamanho e aspectos reprodutivos indicam que indivíduos subadultos ingressam no sistema quando a salinidade é maior (outono, começo de inverno). Nesta época, os indivíduos utilizam a área de manguezal e suas adjacências. Quanto a sa1inidadecomeça a cair (final de primavera, verão), estes indivíduos agora em maturação gonadal retomam para o mar, onde desovam. P. corvinaefarmís é, portanto, uma espécie migratória e estuarino-dependente que utiliza a Baía em período anterior ao de maturidade gonadal. Ali, apresenta uma dieta muito variada, constituída basicamente de Crustacea, Mollusca e Thaliacea.
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