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We express our deep appreciation of the time and effort donated by participating families and school districts.

Direct and indirect effects of grandparents on maternal nurturance in teen mothers (TM) living in three-generational families were explored with path analytic techniques in a sample of 107 working-class families. Perceived support from the teen's mother, grandparents' nurturance toward the baby, and the presence of the grandfather as a father figure in the home were hypothesized as increasing TM nurturance. TM nurturance was found to be positively predicted by grandparent nurturance and negatively predicted by TM perceived support from her mother. The strongest predictor of TM nurturance was grandfather nurturance toward the baby.

To determine the relationship between paternal child-rearing practices, sex-role preference, and intellectual functioning in young boys, 21 lowerclass and 21 middle-class white fathers were observed at home interacting with their 4-year-old sons. The Stanford-Binet, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and Brown's It Scale for Children were subsequently administered to the children. In the total sample, the boys' IQ was positively correlated with paternal nurturance, and negatively correlated with paternal restrictiveness. Both correlations were significant. Together, nurturance and restrictiveness accounted for over one-third of the variance in IQ. Sharp class differences were found including a significant negative association in the lower-class subsample between IQ and a male sex preference.