The agrarian community of the Texas Department of State Health Services Region 8 (TXHSR8) is subjected to exposure to a variety of risk factors causing susceptibility to infectious disease such as a. Socioeconomic disparities in access to the reasonable antibiotics and preventive medicine, b. Low wind flow induced spread of antibiotic resistance genes across the region, c. Wastewater storage from the fracking sites across the HSR8, d. Waterborne infectious diseases from Rio Grande River basin, e. Multinational without appropriate health check, delivering babies in the regional healthcare facilities, f. annual migrant worker flow across the region to northern prairies and repatriation: 4,241 migrants / 2017–18 fiscal year, g. Floating population across the U.S – Mexico border crossing: Weekly border crossings average 72,900, adding 150,000 people to the Eagle Pass‐Piedras Negras population, h. Live stocks shipment across the border from Mexico to the United States, i. Produce / Processed food shipment across the U.S – Mexico border crossing: ex: approximately 119, 000 – 145,000 trucks, estimated 5.8 million pounds of produce per annum, j. vector‐borne disease, and k. Multinational workforce crossing across the U.S‐Mexico. As per the McDonald–Kreitman test, using a two‐way contingency table, where Ds = the number of synonymous substitutions per gene, Dn = the number of non‐synonymous substitutions per gene, Ps = the number of synonymous polymorphisms per gene, Pn = the number of non‐synonymous polymorphisms per gene, applying the selection pressure imparted by aforesaid factors affecting agrarian community of TXHSR8, we predict that Dn/Ds > Pn/Ps less variation within the population but significant difference between rest of the community implying a divergence and a positive selection also referred to as directional selection. Applying the preceding contributing factors to determine the beneficial effect of the mutation that Ka/Ks ratio would be significantly above one indication that selects few mutations would be helpful for the survival of the agrarian community. Taken together, it is suggested that factors above play a significant role in ‘Genetic Drift” (flow of genes across the population) through mutation. Subsequently, the agrarian community is better adapted in responding to the changes impinging upon the gene pool that would be the best fit for the survival. As per “Cladistics” agrarian community –TXHSR8 represent a “paraphyletic clade” with “shared derived character” unique to this particular clade. Evolutionary factors such as “Maximum parsimony” assumes that the agrarian community –TXHSR8 that requires the fewest evolutionary events would have maximum likelihood alteration in antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Evolutionary factors such as “Maximum parsimony” assumes that the agrarian community –TXHSR8 that requires the fewest evolutionary events would have maximum likelihood alteration in ARG.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Based on the observations from the livestock show in the Maverick County, Texas, (MCJLS) (January 2006 to January 2017), and data analysis from the Texas Department of State Health Services, Health and Human Services (TDSHS‐HHS): Pertussis Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) and CDC, a prototype for “Transmission Model” conferring the herd protection (Herd Immunity) in combination with WASH interventions is presented here. Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is a contagious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. The respiratory infection is spread via aerosol (in bacteria‐contaminated air droplets) from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Transmission often occurs from older family members to infants or children. Five doses of the DTaP vaccine, is recommended while protection gained from pertussis vaccines decline over time referred as “waning immunity.” To counter the decrease in immunity, a TDaP vaccine, a booster vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria with limited protection for pertussis. Here we present a hypothesis that immunity acquired through “community living inclusive of herd of livestock” (Herd) by the agrarian community mitigate the waning immunity there by confer the protection from the pertussis despite the observed antibiotic resistance observed across the nation and also emerging trend across the globe. Annually the MCJLS in Eagle Pass, Texas with over 300 youth exhibitors, presenting steers, goats, lambs, Hogs, and also chickens. Our observations and information gathered during the past ten years of the stock show could be best summarized as the proximity and duration of the exposure to the livestock animals and community (model) living represent the “WASH” interventions suggested in the transmission model for “Herd Immunity” (Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016; 95(5):1201). Based on the Texas ‐ Pertussis Incidence Rates Maps by Year, Maverick County has relatively lowest pertussis incidence. Hypothetically, the scheduled DTap/TDap vaccinations conferred immunity weakens over the period of time would make the HSR8 susceptible for the pertussis which is contrary to the incidence report of TDSHS‐HHS‐IDCU. Furthermore, community living in HSR8 exemplifies the community model conferring cross protection among the agrarian community members, in addition to the protection from the scheduled pertussis immunization in combination with WASH interventions serve as a prototype for “Transmission Model” for “Herd Immunity”Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Inadequately and/or untreated sewage, activated sewage from the waste water treatment plants are main anthropogenic sources of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria (ARB) encompassing ARG. Concomitant residual (sub‐therapeutic dose) of antibiotics and/or its metabolic intermediates impart a selection pressure on the ARB amending the ARGs with which modified ARB promulgate indeterminately. Implementation of following preventive measure would diminish the potential of bio sludge induced ARP: i. determine and advocate the cost effective and environmentally friendly site/location specific bioremediation method in a global context, while sustaining the processed water/clean water with 0.3 NTU/ FNU, ii. “the sludge from these hotspots should be incinerated instead of being disposal in the regular landfill”, iii. complete review of Clean Water Act, addressing the ARB with ARGs in the environment and amendment of EPA's NPDES, iv. Mandatory testing of the pre‐sewage, treated water/clean water, bio‐sludge/ bio‐solids for the levels of Lactam, sulfonamide, and tetracycline antibiotics, biocides, ARB (CFU's) and corresponding ARGs that are most frequently detected in the wastewater, v. longer hydraulic residence times in the sewage treatment process, vi. intensive research and development effort to determinant the role of bio sludge acts as metal chelate (chelater) in combination with or without fertilizer to reduce the metal toxicity to the plant, vii. determination of chlorine (gas) resistant mutant ARB across the globe in all of the sewage treatment plant & clean water, obtain the ARGs profile data and make it available online for access by academia, viii. annual report on the detection of antibiotics in the influents and effluents from WWTPs; ix. determination antibiotics, its metabolic intermediates concentration in the activated sludge and implementation of relevant antibiotic removable pathways (adsorption, biodegradation, disinfection, membrane separation, hydrolysis, photolysis and volatilization), x. determination of OTU (operational taxonomic unit) of major ARGs, sub types, in the activated sludge, comparative analysis of bacterial count at every stage of the WWTP, xi. identification of “Hot Spots”, xii. universal ban on biological waste water treatment for pharmaceutical waste water, universal adaptation of the membrane ultrafiltration technology as a pretreatment method, xiii. universal practice of incinerating the activated sludge from the “Hot Spots”, xiv. routine update of the database and annotation pipeline for the efficient analysis of the data sets available across the globe for timely data processing, xv. global report on functional screening based on the phenotype environmental sampling of the activated sludge application site and the waste water system for novel ARG, its host and associated mobile genetic elements, xvi. report on the heavy metal contamination on the activated sludge from the “Hot Spots” (environment impacted by the anthropogenic activities).Support or Funding InformationSupported by the professional development funds provided by the SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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