The agrarian community of the Texas Department of State Health Services Region 8 (TXHSR8) is subjected to exposure to a variety of risk factors causing susceptibility to infectious disease such as a. Socioeconomic disparities in access to the reasonable antibiotics and preventive medicine, b. Low wind flow induced spread of antibiotic resistance genes across the region, c. Wastewater storage from the fracking sites across the HSR8, d. Waterborne infectious diseases from Rio Grande River basin, e. Multinational without appropriate health check, delivering babies in the regional healthcare facilities, f. annual migrant worker flow across the region to northern prairies and repatriation: 4,241 migrants / 2017–18 fiscal year, g. Floating population across the U.S – Mexico border crossing: Weekly border crossings average 72,900, adding 150,000 people to the Eagle Pass‐Piedras Negras population, h. Live stocks shipment across the border from Mexico to the United States, i. Produce / Processed food shipment across the U.S – Mexico border crossing: ex: approximately 119, 000 – 145,000 trucks, estimated 5.8 million pounds of produce per annum, j. vector‐borne disease, and k. Multinational workforce crossing across the U.S‐Mexico. As per the McDonald–Kreitman test, using a two‐way contingency table, where Ds = the number of synonymous substitutions per gene, Dn = the number of non‐synonymous substitutions per gene, Ps = the number of synonymous polymorphisms per gene, Pn = the number of non‐synonymous polymorphisms per gene, applying the selection pressure imparted by aforesaid factors affecting agrarian community of TXHSR8, we predict that Dn/Ds > Pn/Ps less variation within the population but significant difference between rest of the community implying a divergence and a positive selection also referred to as directional selection. Applying the preceding contributing factors to determine the beneficial effect of the mutation that Ka/Ks ratio would be significantly above one indication that selects few mutations would be helpful for the survival of the agrarian community. Taken together, it is suggested that factors above play a significant role in ‘Genetic Drift” (flow of genes across the population) through mutation. Subsequently, the agrarian community is better adapted in responding to the changes impinging upon the gene pool that would be the best fit for the survival. As per “Cladistics” agrarian community –TXHSR8 represent a “paraphyletic clade” with “shared derived character” unique to this particular clade. Evolutionary factors such as “Maximum parsimony” assumes that the agrarian community –TXHSR8 that requires the fewest evolutionary events would have maximum likelihood alteration in antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Evolutionary factors such as “Maximum parsimony” assumes that the agrarian community –TXHSR8 that requires the fewest evolutionary events would have maximum likelihood alteration in ARG.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Based on the observations from the livestock show in the Maverick County, Texas, (MCJLS) (January 2006 to January 2017), and data analysis from the Texas Department of State Health Services, Health and Human Services (TDSHS‐HHS): Pertussis Emerging and Acute Infectious Disease Infectious Disease Control Unit (IDCU) and CDC, a prototype for “Transmission Model” conferring the herd protection (Herd Immunity) in combination with WASH interventions is presented here. Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is a contagious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. The respiratory infection is spread via aerosol (in bacteria‐contaminated air droplets) from an infected person's cough or sneeze. Transmission often occurs from older family members to infants or children. Five doses of the DTaP vaccine, is recommended while protection gained from pertussis vaccines decline over time referred as “waning immunity.” To counter the decrease in immunity, a TDaP vaccine, a booster vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria with limited protection for pertussis. Here we present a hypothesis that immunity acquired through “community living inclusive of herd of livestock” (Herd) by the agrarian community mitigate the waning immunity there by confer the protection from the pertussis despite the observed antibiotic resistance observed across the nation and also emerging trend across the globe. Annually the MCJLS in Eagle Pass, Texas with over 300 youth exhibitors, presenting steers, goats, lambs, Hogs, and also chickens. Our observations and information gathered during the past ten years of the stock show could be best summarized as the proximity and duration of the exposure to the livestock animals and community (model) living represent the “WASH” interventions suggested in the transmission model for “Herd Immunity” (Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016; 95(5):1201). Based on the Texas ‐ Pertussis Incidence Rates Maps by Year, Maverick County has relatively lowest pertussis incidence. Hypothetically, the scheduled DTap/TDap vaccinations conferred immunity weakens over the period of time would make the HSR8 susceptible for the pertussis which is contrary to the incidence report of TDSHS‐HHS‐IDCU. Furthermore, community living in HSR8 exemplifies the community model conferring cross protection among the agrarian community members, in addition to the protection from the scheduled pertussis immunization in combination with WASH interventions serve as a prototype for “Transmission Model” for “Herd Immunity”Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Professional Development Funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
An experimental model in Wistar rats, of osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli, was used to evaluate the efficacy of cefotaxime in two treatment regimens of different durations. Four groups of rats were set up: a group of rats receiving short-term treatment (14 days) with subcutaneous cefotaxime (100 mg bd), killed after 56 days; a control group receiving no treatment, killed after 56 days; a group of rats undergoing long-term treatment (28 days) with subcutaneous cefotaxime as above, killed after 70 days and a control group of rats receiving no treatment, killed after 70 days. Analysis of histopathological and microbiological findings revealed significantly better results in the long-term treatment group. No side-effects were observed during treatment or afterwards.
In effort to delineate mechanism(s) that reinforce “Herd Immunity” conferring AR to the farming community, we have postulated a “Cogent Transmission Model” (CTM) in which community living confer and/or reinforce herd immunity induced AR transiently pausing ARP. Analysis of multitude of interviews completed from the period of January 2006 – January 2018 during the Maverick County Stock Show held in Eagle Pass, prompted a psychological‐socio‐economic review. Based on the analysis, here we present a psychological‐socio‐economic appraisal. We have observed that the social support system is a significant element for the development of hardiness circumventing contracting the infectious diseases. The benefits of social support system are intertwined with perceptions of personal control enabling the coping process. We have observed that during the interview process the generalized expectancies and events that reinforce the immunity to infectious diseases such as meningitis are within their own control and none else could play a role. It is our determination that this level of hardiness is referred as “Internal Locus of Control”. We have observed that a pattern of consistency on the confidence level of that each and every member of the community have considerable control over the events and events that reinforce the experience of overcoming the illness combating the diseases. This observation is consistent with the literature illustrating the effect of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged in a long term care residential environment. Specific attributes such as dress code, freedom of control, caring for the livestock, code of conduct, commitment, patience, endurance throughout the process of the stock show incredible level of discipline and training throughout their life. Such a level of resilience draw a corollary of the hardy personality as identified in the ‘Personal Hardiness” by Maddi and coworkers (J. Pers and Soci. Psych 37, 1–11: 1979). Our observations are consistent with and also correlate with the Maddi and Co‐worker's postulation of “Personal Hardiness”. Traits such as a. sense of commitment to self, b. control over their life at the individual level and c. view and make adjustment as challenges arise rather than view it as source of stress. Taken together we suggest that commitment to self, control of self in a dynamic social environmental circumstances and readjustment to challenges separate them from rest of the society. It is our speculation that such hardiness in each and every individual of the farming community buffer the harmful effect of the stress engendered in caring and managing the livestock which is an unpredictable source variety of infectious disease(s) burden in particular zoonotic diseases. Despite the impeccable caring guidelines of CDC& P on how to stay healthy when handling farm animals, farming community is constantly exposed to this threat which is indeed in need of “Herd Immunity”.Support or Funding InformationSupported by professional development funds by SWTJC to Subburaj KannanThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
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