Aims: To describe the clinical and histopathological findings in a patient with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Methods: A 76 year old Japanese man had a discrete, orange-red lesion of 1 disc diameter in the macula, with the fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic and optical coherence tomographic findings compatible with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. He underwent a surgical removal of the macular lesion, followed by light and electron microscopic examinations. Results: The histopathological examination revealed that the specimen consisted of degenerated retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex and inner choroid. A tortuous, unusually dilated venule was present adjacent to an arteriole with marked sclerotic changes, appearing to form arteriovenous crossing. These vessels seemed to represent native inner choroidal vessels, and had haemorrhage per diapedesis. Blood cells and fibrin filled the lumina of the vessels and accumulated in the extravascular spaces, indicating vascular stasis. Conclusion: Hyperpermeability and haemorrhage due to stasis of a dilated venule and an arteriole involved by sclerosis at the site where they cross in the inner choroid might cause oedema and degeneration of the tissue. Voluminous accumulation of blood cells and fibrin might generate elevation of tissue pressure sufficient to displace the weakened lesion anteriorly. The result suggests that the polypoidal vessels in this case represent abnormality in the inner choroidal vasculature. P olypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a distinct clinical entity characterised by its morphological features 1-10 -aneurysmal dilations seen as reddish-orange, spheroidal, polyp-like structures or polypoidal vascular lesions at the termination of a network of large choroidal vessels. Patients with this disorder are known to be at risk of having recurrent serous and haemorrhagic detachments of both the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the neurosensory retina. This appears to be a common presentation of macular disease in middle and late life in east Asia. 8 The vascular abnormality appears to exist external to the RPE, but only a few cases have been studied histopathologically [11][12][13] and the location and feature of the pathological vessels are controversial. Concerning the origin of the vessels, there are two hypotheses: a variant of choroidal neovascularisation 5-13 v abnormalities in the inner choroidal vessels.14 15 This study reports the clinicopathological correlation in a case of PCV whose macular lesion was removed and examined by light and electron microscopy.
PATIENT AND METHODS
Case reportA 76 year old Japanese man presented with blurred left eye vision for 2 weeks. He lost right eye central vision in the fourth decade of life. He had no systemic disorder. He had not received treatment to either eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/200 with the right eye and 20/250 in the left. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed a small atrophic choroidal scar and a few drusen in the poster...
Japanese fireflies range from nocturnal luminescent species to diurnal non-luminescent species. Their communication systems are classified into 6 types based on the following criteria: 1) Female responds to male's flashes after a fixed delay; 2) Male is directly attracted by female's light signal, the male perches on a leaf near the female, then the male changes his flashes with twinkling, and copulation behavior is released. However, the female may not respond to the male; 3) Male seeks female calling signal during the male's flying and synchronous flashing, then the male approaches the female, emitting flashes with various patterns, displaying walking-luminescing, sedentary signaling, chasing, and copulating; 4) Male is attracted by continuous luminescent signals of the female, and male perches near the female, then the male distinguishes the female's light organs shape. Thereafter, the male copulation behavior is released by her sex pheromone; 5) Male and female flight occurs in the daytime; when the male approaches the female, copulation is released by the female's pheromone; weak luminescent signals may be fulfilling the function of supplementary communication signals; 6) Luminescent signals have nothing to do with communication between male and female, and copulation is released by a sex pheromone.
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