Arthroscopic osseous Bankart repair is an effective primary treatment for shoulders with substantial glenoid bone loss as it provides successful outcomes without recurrence of instability once osseous union is obtained. Glenoid morphology can be normalized during the intermediate to long-term postoperative period, even in shoulders with a smaller fragment.
Some physicians recommend treating tendinopathies with multiple sessions of shock waves. Some evidence, however, suggests shock wave application can induce nerve fiber degeneration. We questioned whether repeated shock wave application provides a cumulative effect on nerve fibers compared with the effect of one application. One thousand shock wave impulses of an energy flux density of 0.08 mJ/mm were applied to the foot pad of 32 rats. After 14 days, 16 rats received a second application. The foot pads were resected on Days 7, 14, 28, and 42. Sections were processed immunohistochemically using antibodies for sensory nerve. We compared the number of epidermal nerve fibers in rats that received one application of shock waves with the fibers in rats that received two applications. During the first 4 weeks, there was nearly complete degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers in both groups. By the end of 6 weeks, reinnervation of the epidermis began in the single-treatment group. Reinnervation occurred slower in the repeated-treatment group. These data show that a second application has a cumulative effect on nerve fibers. Our data suggest multiple applications of low-energy shock waves might a provide longer-lasting antinociceptive effect.
In addition to fibrosis and inflammation, which used to be considered the main pathology of frozen shoulders, chondrogenesis is likely to have a critical role in pathogenesis of idiopathic frozen shoulders.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.