In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the development of various flexible sensors structure platforms fabricated by the inkjet printing technique. We first explain in general the type of biosensors which includes tactile sensors published recently that highlighted their features and uses, sensors architecture or platform and advantages of the designed platform. For better understanding of the inkjet printing process, we include the working inkjet printing system and strategy of ink jet printing process for quality and effective design of flexible and wearable applications. Then, we reviewed the types of biosensors and tactile sensor focusing on the flexible and wearable features subsequently highlighting several types of sensors fabricated via the inkjet printing method. The sensors highlighted were based on different types of sensor platforms namely the field effect transistor, standard electrode and special geometrical structure. The focus of insights for the different types of sensors platform were based on the operation, design and processing of inkjet-printed components. Lastly, an outlook on future challenges and research opportunities on inkjet-printed flexible biosensor for research development based on engineering and fundamental science in achieving effectiveness and reliability of inkjet-printed sensors is presented.
Micro air vehicle research has exponentially expanded since the first articles began to be published in the late 1990s. This article presents a comprehensive bibliometric review of journal articles published on micro air vehicle research from 1998 until 2015. The articles are classified into three types of micro air vehicle: fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and flapping-wing (biomimetic). These types are based upon their primary means of generating lift and propulsive thrust. The specific type of research in these articles is also examined, divided into subcategories of: aerodynamics; guidance, navigation, and control; propulsion; structures and materials; and system design. Numerous bibliometric indicators are presented and analyzed to understand how micro air vehicle research is expanding, which authoring organizations are leading the research, which external sponsoring organizations are providing funding, and the challenges that remain for future researchers. The analysis shows that the majority of the research articles are being written by organizations from the US, China, UK, France, and South Korea. Although biomimetic micro air vehicles are currently the most popular type of micro air vehicle, in recent years the growing popularity of rotary-wing micro air vehicles (especially as a guidance, navigation, and control test platform) has caused it to rival biomimetic micro air vehicles in popularity.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are intriguing and viable challengers among all solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies worldwide due to their high conversion efficiency and simple manufacturing procedure. PSCs are currently thought to be very promising for the future generation of PV technology, which can make it easier to solving the rising energy demand. However, commercial mass production of PSCs is still far away due to their stability, and eco-friendly material issues. Extrinsic degradation is one of the vital issues for PSCs and various approaches are proposed and developed by researchers towards improve the quality and the stability of perovskite and other active materials for a PSC with longer lifetime. In this article, we conduct a systematic study to identify the major intrinsic and extrinsic degradation factors, and the degradation mechanism of PSCs. We investigate the potential approaches related to improving the stability and performance of the PSCs including encapsulation, interfacial layer engineering, additive engineering, ion engineering, and fabrication techniques. We also briefly point out the recent promising approaches to improve stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) under various harsh conditions. This review will provide a better insight into the present scenario of the PSC as well.
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