Malaysia and Indonesia are well known as prolific producers of batik in Southeast Asia. The history of batik in both countries is deeply intertwined for more than a century. Most available published works related to batik production, challenges, and innovations were discussed within the local batik context of each country. This study aims to identify collectively how far batik, as a creative industry in these countries has progressed since its establishment until the present 21st century. It was notable that batik craftsmanships have been mostly maintained as similar tools and techniques are persistently being used until today in both countries. Significant progress was observed in the design and stylization of the batik design with the use of digital approaches such as fractal geometry. Similar challenging problems faced by both nations were highlighted and clustered into internal and external issues. It was concluded that assimilations of Third Industrial Revolution technology (IR3.0) primarily centered on the use of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing to improve existing batik production. Emerging studies have shown the positive impact of integrating Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) technology such as augmented reality (AR) in promoting batik knowledge and transmitting batik as an intangible cultural heritage. The transmission of batik skills to the young generation has been a persistent problem. Thus, a brief framework was proposed to exemplify how IR4.0 technology can innovatively be used to transmit the batik skills via education platform.
The preparation of polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) blend films by using the solvent casting method is to improve the properties of pure PLA. The blends' mechanical and thermal properties, morphological as well as hydrolytic degradation behavior are evaluated. The tensile test proved that the increase of PPC from 0 wt% to 75 wt% could improve the elongation of pure PLA when the graph showed a significant increase of the elongation from 10% to 1000%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) supported the significant increase in elongation of the blends when it shows a definite phase separation in 75/25 PLA/PPC, where 25% of PPC has formed islands in the PLA matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates the partial miscibility of the blends where two peaks of the glass transition temperature moved towards each other when the amount of PPC increases. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed a possible intermolecular interaction between two polymers, which affects the miscibility of the blends. Finally, the hydrolytic degradation test indicates that the degradation started from the PLA phase and the blends' degradation rate decrease as wt% of PPC increase.
A combined experimental and finite element analysis () investigation was performed to study the effect of incorporating poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC) and curcumin on the mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In addition, the chemical interaction and morphological changes brought upon by each subsequent additive were also observed. The addition of PPC at 30 wt% into PLA causes a decrease in strength and modulus by 51% and 68% respectively whilst inducing higher elongation by 74%. The resultant decrease in strength and modulus of the PLA/PPC blend was recovered by adding a low weight percentage (1 wt%) of curcumin. The images of the fractured surfaces via scanning electron microscope () revealed the brittle-ductile-brittle progression of PLA due to the addition of PPC and curcumin which corroborates the findings from the tensile test. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy () revealed that the addition of PPC by 30 wt % resulted in chemical interaction between the carbonyl groups of PLA and PPC as the C=O peak of PLA slightly shifted to a lower wavenumber. The presence of curcumin peaks however was found to be difficult to be identified in the PLA/PPC/curcumin blend. The simulated results for the stress-strain profile using FEA agreed well with the experimental tensile test profile with a relatively low percentage error of less than 6%. Therefore, it was concluded that for these compositions, the developed model can be used for further simulation works to design biomedical devices.
ABSTRAK: Gabungan penyelidikan secara eksperimen dan analisis unsur terhad (FEA) telah dijalankan bagi mengkaji kesan campuran poli (propilen karbonat) (PPC) dan kurkumin pada sifat mekanikal poli (asid laktik) (PLA). Tambahan, interaksi kimia dan perubahan morfologi pada setiap penambahan berikutnya turut diperhatikan. Penambahan PPC pada 30 wt% ke dalam PLA menyebabkan pengurangan pada tenaga dan modulus sebanyak 51% dan 68% masing-masing sementara menyebabkan kenaikan pemanjangan sebanyak 74%. Hasil pengurangan pada tenaga dan modulus campuran PLA/PPC diseimbangkan dengan mencampurkan peratus kurkumin kurang berat (1 wt%). Melalui mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM), didapati imej permukaan retak menunjukkan PLA berturutan rapuh-mulur-rapuh disebabkan penambahan PPC dan kurkumin di mana ianya menyokong dapatan kajian ini melalui ujian kekuatan tegangan. Spektroskopi Inframerah Jelmaan Fourier (FTIR) menunjukkan dengan penambahan PPC sebanyak 30 wt %, interaksi kimia antara kumpulan karbonil PLA dan PPC pada puncak C=O PLA telah berubah sedikit kepada nombor gelombang lebih kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, kehadiran puncak kurkumin adalah sukar dikenal pasti dalam campuran PLA/PPC/kurkumin. Dapatan hasil simulasi pada profil strain-tekanan menggunakan FEA adalah sama dengan ujian kekuatan tegangan dengan peratus ralat yang agak rendah iaitu kurang daripada 6%. Oleh itu, komposisi model yang dibangunkan ini adalah sesuai bagi meneruskan kerja-kerja simulasi iaitu bagi mereka bentuk alat biomedikal.
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have recently been the subject of extensive research as a reinforcing filler. HNT is a natural nanoclay, non‐toxic and biocompatible, hence, applicable in biomedical fields. This review focuses on the mechanical, thermal, and functional properties of polymer nanocomposites with HNT as a reinforcing agent from an experimental and theoretical perspective. In addition, this review also highlights the recent applications of polymer/HNT nanocomposites in the biomedical fields.
In this study, melt blended compositions of pure PLA with additions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) up to 30 wt% were prepared. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the properties of PLA/PEG blends, such as structural, thermal, and morphological properties. The results showed that further increments of PEG cause the -OH group of PLA/PEG blends to show a broad peak, indicating that there is hydrogen bonding interaction between PEG and PLA chains. DSC result revealed that the addition of PEG decreases the glass transition temperature from 57 °C to 46 °C and crystallization temperature from 107 °C to 87 °C. Such trends suggest enhanced chain mobility of PLA chains. TGA thermograms showed that further additions of PEG into PLA resulted in a consistent shift to lower temperature and decrease in thermal stability. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the melt spun PLA/PEG microfibers revealed that the diameter of the microfibers averaged between 15 to 80 microns.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini menganalisa komposisi adunan lebur PLA asli bersama tambahan polietilena glikol (PEG) sebanyak 30%. Penjelmaan Fourier spektroskopi inframerah (FTIR), kalorimeter pengimbasan pembezaan (DSC) dan analisis termogravimetri (TGA) telah digunakan bagi mengkaji sifat-sifat adunan PLA/PEG, seperti struktur, terma dan sifat-sifat morfologi. Keputusan menunjukkan penambahan PEG seterusnya menyebabkan kumpulan -OH campuran PLA/PEG memberikan puncak yang lebar, ini menunjukkan ada interaksi ikatan hidrogen antara rantaian PEG dan PLA. Keputusan DSC menunjukkan penambahan PEG mengurangkan perubahan gelas dari 57 °C kepada 46 °C dan suhu kristalisasi dari 107 °C kepada 87 °C. Trend ini mencadangkan peningkatan pergerakan rangkaian pada rantaian PLA. Termogram TGA menunjukkan dengan penambahan berterusan PEG ke dalam PLA menghasilkan penurunan konsisten pada suhu dan pengurangan kestabilan haba. Pemerhatian mikroskop optik (OM) dan mikroskopi elektron penskanan (SEM) mikrofiber spun lebur PLA/PEG menunjukkan purata diameter mikrofiber ini antara 15 ke 80 mikron.
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