Soybean allergens in food samples are currently detected in most cases using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on antibodies raised against bulk soybean proteins or specifically targeting soybean trypsin inhibitor, conglycinin, or glycinin. The various commercial ELISAs lack standardized reference material, and the results are often inaccurate because the antibodies cross-react with proteins from other legumes. Furthermore, the isolation of allergenic proteins involves laborious denaturing extraction conditions. To tackle these challenges, we have developed a novel sandwich ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies raised against the soybean 2S albumin Gly m 8 and a recombinant Gly m 8 reference protein with native-analogous characteristics. The antibodies do not cross-react with other legume proteins, and the extraordinary stability and solubility of Gly m 8 allows it to be extracted even from complex matrices after processing. The Gly m 8 ELISA therefore achieves greater specificity and reproducibility than current ELISA tests.
Lupin protein isolate was treated using the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis (Papain, Alcalase 2.4 L and Pepsin) and lactic acid fermentation (Lactobacillus sakei ssp. carnosus, Lactobacillus amylolyticus and Lactobacillus helveticus) to investigate the effect on functional properties, sensory profile and protein integrity. The results showed increased foaming activity (2466–3481%) and solubility at pH 4.0 (19.7–36.7%) of all fermented hydrolysates compared to the untreated lupin protein isolate with 1613% of foaming activity and a solubility of 7.3 (pH 4.0). Results of the SDS-PAGE and Bead-Assay showed that the combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of LPI was effective in reducing L. angustifolius major allergen Lup an 1 to a residual level of <0.5%. The combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation enables the production of food ingredients with good functional properties in terms of protein solubility and foam formation, with a balanced aroma and taste profile.
Legume proteins are widely used as
food ingredients, but only some
(soybean, lupin, and peanut) must be declared under consumer safety
regulations to protect allergy sufferers. It is not yet mandatory
to declare pea proteins as allergens even though they are predicted
to be allergenic based on cross-reactivity in sensitized people. The
processing of legume proteins can modify their allergenic properties
and hence the need for specific and precise methods for the detection
of all major legume allergens. There are many commercially available
tests for known food allergens but not for ingredients that are yet
to be classified as allergenic. We therefore generated sets of pea-specific
antibodies targeting globulins to be used in a multiplex assay for
the simultaneous detection of soybean, lupin, peanut, and pea proteins.
We focused on the 7S globulin family, which is the least conserved
among the four legumes, allowing the specific detection of proteins
from each species. Having confirmed the specificity and sensitivity
of the multiplex assay, we evaluated different processing steps for
proteins rich in pea globulins to demonstrate the impact of food processing
on antibody binding. Our sensitive multiplex assay provides a fast
and reliable method for the specific detection of soybean, lupin,
peanut, and pea allergens and is therefore ideal for food safety and
authenticity testing applications.
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