Gravity survey is one of the passive geophysical techniques commonly used to delineate geological formations, especially in determining basement rock and the overlying deposit. Geologically, the study area is made up of thick quaternary alluvium deposited on top of the older basement rock. The Muda River basin constitutes, approximately, of more than 300 m of thick quaternary alluvium overlying the unknown basement rock type. Previous studies, including drilling and geo-electrical resistivity surveys, were conducted in the area but none of them managed to conclusively determine the basement rock type and depth precisely. Hence, a regional gravity survey was conducted to determine the thickness of the quaternary sediments prior to assessing the sustainability of the Muda River basin. Gravity readings were made at 347 gravity stations spaced at 3–5 km intervals using Scintrex CG-3 covering an area and a perimeter of 9000 km2 and 730 km, respectively. The gravity data were then conventionally reduced for drift, free air, latitude, Bouguer, and terrain corrections. These data were then consequently analyzed to generate Bouguer, regional and total horizontal derivative (THD) anomaly maps for qualitative and quantitative interpretations. The Bouguer gravity anomaly map shows low gravity values in the north-eastern part of the study area interpreted as representing the Main Range granitic body, while relatively higher gravity values observed in the south-western part are interpreted as representing sedimentary rocks of Semanggol and Mahang formations. Patterns observed in the THD anomaly and Euler deconvolution maps closely resembled the presence of structural features such as fault lineaments dominantly trending along NW-SE and NE-SW like the trends of topographic lineaments in the study area. Based on power spectral analysis of the gravity data, the average depth of shallow body, representing alluvium, and deep body, representing underlying rock formations, are 0.5 km and 1.2 km, respectively. The thickness of Quaternary sediment and the depth of sedimentary formation can be more precisely estimated by other geophysical techniques such as the seismic reflection survey.
Oil pollution is a crucial issue that has adversed impact not only on the environment but also human beings. As an alternative to all conventional approaches, a porous rubber gel based on liquid natural rubber (LNR) with excellent hydrophobic and wettability properties has been developed using a simple vulcanization reaction. To determine their sorption capability, LNR gel was employed for absorption of various types of oils such as Petrol A, Petrol B, kerosene, diesel, crude oil, and olive oil. The functionality of LNR gel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the morphology of LNR gel was observed using a scanning electron microscope. By combining wettability and hydrophobicity, the LNR gel exhibited high oil sorption capacity and selectivity for oil removal from water. The LNR gel was able to absorb oils, especially the low viscosity types. Besides, it can also be reused up to 20 cycles while maintaining its oil sorption performance. The selective absorbent shows the recovery of petrol in the range of 96–99% by squeezing the oil. Thus, LNR gel has great potential as green material for cleaning up oil contaminants on a large scale. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47749.
The Late Permian sedimentary rock of Bukit Keluang Formation is well exposed on three isolated hills namely the Bukit Keluang, Bukit Bubus and Bukit Dendong. The consecutive hills exhibit a unique landscape of linear ridge surrounded by the alluvial plains and are well known for their beautiful sandy beaches and outstanding landscapes. Geological landscape in the area falls into three heritage value set (scientific, aesthetic and recreational value) that in need of immediate conservation. Scientific evidence shows that the study area exhibits a unique lithologically and structurally controlled landscape characterised by first order topography of folded and thrusted sequence (anticlinal hill), linear cuesta ridge and denudation hill. Differential erosion of the conglomerate-sand-shale sequences led to the development of linear ridge with different elevation profiles. The geometric and geographic position of the hills conforms with the regional structural trend in the area with the N-S trending fault system is inferred as the major fault that displaced the Bukit Keluang Formation. Internal complexities in the individual structures in the form of cross-faults, oblique-faults and lineaments trending NW-SE, NE-SW to N-S directions have formed cave morphological feature and divide the hills into separate blocks. The geological landscape also contributes to an aesthetic value such as the beautiful hilly landscape and sandy beach, while recreational values including hiking, mountain biking and water activities. Geological heritage and geotourism could have a positive future in Bukit Keluang, Bukit Bubus and Bukit Dendong. The in-situ and ex-situ geological conservation is urgently needed in order to support the efforts to implement geoscience knowledge to the public.
Geotourism is a responsible and sustainable type of tourism package development, equivalent to ecotourism, and other nature-based derivatives of tourism with deeper level considerations on local landscapes and the underlying geological foundation. The area was investigated from the perspective of tourism geoscience sub-discipline with a focus on nonextractive natural resources. Taking into consideration the beach alluvial plain, human community, the biophysical components and the mining artifacts, mineralization, geological formation, mining history and people lifestyle during the active mining period. Bukit Besi's rail transit system as example, with eleven stations, used to transport people, goods and ores between Bukit Besi and a coastal town of Dungun. Geology of Bukit Besi consist of dominance of shale, quartzite, limestone; intrusion rocks of granite and quartz vein, and metasediment rock. Iron mineralization occurs as a result of replacement in shale, limestone, granite and along the developed fractures. Further study relates the interconnection between iron mineralization and cultural of the residents. Mineralization had created the mining operation in Bukit Besi. History of mining process, life of Bukit Besi residents and railway is part of intrinsic information that make higher value of monument left in Bukit Besi in tourism context. Historical narration of the mining region goes beyond events related to human time frame but spans the geological history of the regions and the story of interactions between human and their environments. These form the basis for the creation of anthrobiogeoasset for regional planning of the region. Secondary utilization of the non-extractive natural resource should incorporate tourism and business components for sustainable geotourism package development of Bukit Besi, Malaysia ABSTRAK Geopelancongan adalah sejenis pembangunan pakej pelancongan yang bertanggungjawab dan mampan, setara dengan ekopelancongan dan pelancongan berasaskan alam semula jadi dengan pertimbangan tahap yang lebih mendalam terhadap landskap tempatan dan asas geologi yang mendasarinya. Kawasan ini dikaji daripada perspektif sub-disiplin geosains pelancongan dengan tumpuan kepada sumber alam bukan ekstraktif, dengan mengambil kira kawasan pantai, komuniti manusia, komponen biofizikal dan artifak perlombongan, permineralan, formasi batuan, sejarah perlombongan dan gaya hidup penduduk semasa tempoh perlombongan aktif. Sistem transit kereta Bukit Besi antaranya, dengan sebelas stesen, pernah digunakan untuk mengangkut orang, barang dan bijih di antara Bukit Besi dan Dungun. Geologi Bukit Besi terdiri daripada dominasi syal, kuarza, batu kapur; batu intrusi granit dan telerang kuarza dan batuan metasedimen. Pembentukan mineral besi adalah akibat penggantian syal, batu kapur dan granit di sepanjang rekahan yang terbentuk. Kajian lanjut menunjukkan hubung kait yang rapat antara pemineralan bijih besi dengan budaya penduduk. Pemineralan telah membentuk operasi perlombongan di Bukit Besi. Sejarah, proses perlom...
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