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Sociocultural theories have been discussed in the context of English acquisition among young English language learners in early childhood settings. A range of sociocultural perspectives drawn for the research, includes (i) the mental and cognitive processes involved in language acquisition (ii) social environment is not the context for, but rather the source of, mental development and (iii) the complex interaction between the individual acting with mediational means and the sociocultural context.

This paper aims to identify observation method encompasses sampling criteria, observation instrument, validation and reliability observation instrument and procedure for child care provider and teacher's pedagogy of play in Project Determining Contributing Factors of Quality Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE). Observation instrument and the guideline are prepared by the researchers to assess child care provider and teacher's pedagogy of play to achieve Standard of Quality Malaysian ECCE. Observation instruments for pedagogy of play were determined based on child care provider or teacher and child interaction; indoor and outdoor environment and pedagogy of play activities quality. The section of this instrument contains 4 levels of assessment namely Quality, Standard, Element and Indicator. The sample selection for observation suggested by agencies such as Ministry of

Ethical behavior is important in counselling services. Ethical knowledge, ethical belief and ethical principle orientation will impact the ethical behavior of counsellors when conducting counselling services. This study was to investigate the influence of ethical knowledge, ethical beliefs, ethical principle orientation on ethical behavior among counsellors in Malaysia. The correlational research design was used. The sample size was 355 counsellors all over Malaysia. Pearson correlation, linear regression and multiple regression analysis were used in this study. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between ethical knowledge and ethical behavior of counsellors. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between ethical beliefs and ethical behavior of counsellors. However, there was no significant relationship between ethical principle orientation and ethical behavior of counsellor. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that only the ethical knowledge and ethical beliefs is a predictor of ethical behavior among counsellors in Malaysia. In addition, the study showed that the ethical principle orientation is not a predictor of ethical behavior of counsellors in Malaysia. The findings of this study can provide guideline to counsellors improve their ethical behavior, particularly in terms of ethical knowledge, ethical beliefs and ethical principle orientation to practice ethically. Overall results of this study imply that very useful in the counselling profession, especially in the field of ethics counselling, counselling curriculum and research in Malaysia.

Stunting is one of the effects of malnutrition that occurs among children. It becomes a severe issue when it has a huge impact, especially in the cognitive development process of preschool children. Thus, this paper will discuss the general problem among preschool children and how it affects their cognition development and influences literacy skills. The discussion also includes a comparison of the theory of constructivism by Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget regarding the needs of children to enhance their cognitive development.

The objective of this study was to investigate the differences between children’s National language speaking skills in terms of words, phrases, and sentences between the treatment group and control group. The duration of this study was three weeks. Sixty four children from two classes of primary one, government school in Malaysia were selected as the respondents in this study. This study adopted the quasi-experimental research design with one treatment group and one control group of thirty children, respectively. The treatment group learned speaking skills through Puppet in EduWebTV Programmes, while the control group learned speaking skills without Puppet in EduWebTV Programmes. The findings of the study revealed that the learning of speaking skills through Puppet in EduWebTV Programmes is more effective in increasing the skills in words, phrases, and sentences than the learning without Puppet in EduWebTV Programmes. Learning National language speaking skills with Puppet in EduWebTV Programmes has given a positive impact based on the fact that the puppets need to be used to improve children’s speaking skills.