SUMMARY:Supercritical fluid high oryzanol (SFE HO) and supercritical fluid low oryzanol (SFE LO) rice bran oils were obtained and compared with that extracted by the Soxhlet (SOX) method. Their composition and stability during storage were determined. The amount of unsaponifiable matter and gamma oryzanol of SFE samples were significantly (p<0.05) higher than SOX. While the amount of tocopherol in SOX (4.0 mg·g -1 ) was higher than that reported in SFE HO and SFE LO, at 3.2 and 2.6 mg·g -1 , respectively. After storage for 42 days at 70 °C the PV, FFA%, conjugated diene and p-anisidine values of SOX were higher than those of SFE HO, and SFE LO. The SFE samples showed better stability than SOX under successive heating and the addition of BHA decreased PV, FFA%, conjugated diene and p-anisidine levels in all samples.
KEYWORDS:Oryzanol; Rice bran oil; Shelf life; Soxhlet; Stability; Supercritical fluid extraction; Tocopherol RESUMEN: Estabilidad de aceites de salvado de arroz obtenidos mediante SFE y Soxhlet durante su vida útil en almacenamiento acelerado. Se realizaron extracciones mediante fluido supercrítico de salvado de arroz con alto (SFE HO) y bajo (SFE LO) contenido en orizanol y se comparó con los extraídos mediante Soxhlet (SOX). Se determinó la composición y la estabilidad durante el almacenamiento. La materia insaponificable y el gamma orizanol de las muestras SFE fueron significativamente más altas (p<0,05) que SOX. Mientras la cantidad de tocoferol en SOX (4,0 mg·g -1 ) fue mayor que lo encontrado para SFE HO y SFE LO, 3,2 y 2,6 mg·g -1 respectivamente. Después de 42 días de almacenamiento a 70 °C los valores de PV, FFA %, dienos conjugados y p-anisidina de SOX fueron mayores que los de SFE HO, y SFE LO. Las muestras SFE mostraron mejor estabilidad que SOX bajo calentamiento y la adición de BHA disminuyó el PV, FFA %, dienos conjugados y los niveles de p-anisidina en todas las muestras.
River water quality degradation is one of the most significant environmental challenges. Over the years, many models have been used to investigate the current state of Malaysian rivers and its effects to the environment. River discharge is an important factor in water quality investigation. An integrative computational model, GIS coupled with SWAT model was being used to predict river discharge of this research. The simulation results in the period 1999 to 2010 represented fluctuation of discharge relatively well with both R2and NSI values were above 0.6. The results proved that the development of integrative GIS technology coupled with SWAT model is a good tool for environmental technology development in terms of investigating the current state of Langat river water quality as well as the capability of simulating the river discharge in the river basin. This shows that GIS-SWAT interface can be a reliable tool for water quality modeling in Malaysia in the future and further development on the software technology is a benefit for the water resources and environmental studies.
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