Since 2008, Kuala Nerus has undergone rapid urbanization along its coastline, resulting in the loss of sand along the littoral zone. Due to the heavy erosion in 2012 at Tok Jembal beach that migrated to Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) beach in 2013, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage has implemented a coastal defence project to mitigate erosion by building a series of ripraps/revetments along the coasts. Additionally, breakwaters and groyne structures were built in combination with beach nourishment programme. For the sustenance of the local fishermen community, the Malaysia Public Works Department replaced one of the breakwaters to a jetty-type breakwater at Tok Jembal beach. Shoreline evaluations, beach profile measurements and numerical modelling were used in this present study to identify the effectiveness of combining the coastal defence and beach nourishment programmes. The combination of programmes successfully initiated the accretion of a ~30 m beach dune and created new beaches. However, erosion remains persistent in the beach that was unprotected and exposed directly to the South China Sea. We posit that a combination of coastal defence and beach nourishment programmes can potentially interrupt dynamic coastal processes, especially the current parameters.
The states of Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak in the north‐west of Peninsular Malaysia have a total coastline of 550 km of which almost 40% are adjacent to agricultural lands. Parts of these lands were once intertidal and following their conversion into agricultural land, have been protected from the sea by coastal embankments since the 1950s. Extreme tides and wave erosion used to be the known hazards to these coastal lands, but over the past two decades sea level rise and the tsunami of 2004 have emerged as additional threats. A predicted sea level rise of 0.52 m by 2100 and a tsunami inundation distance exceeding 1000 m inshore have raised concerns as to the sustainability of existing coastal defences, hinterland communities and economic activities. The combined impacts of both sea level rise and tsunami have made the north‐west coastline the most vulnerable to coastal erosion and flooding. This paper compiles the findings of two key studies that assessed these coastal threats and determined the scientific basis for adaptive measures. The findings of the studies indicate that the north‐west coast is the most vulnerable coast in Peninsular Malaysia. The paper also presents the physical impacts of these threats and the proposed adaptive strategies to mitigate them. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
0749-0208.Tanjung Piai, Johor, Malaysia, is a ramsar site, located at the southern-most tip of mainland Asia, and consists mainly of mudflats and mangrove forests. The coast has experienced severe erosion for several decades, in spite of the construction of various coastal defense structures. The reported rates of shoreline retreat were between 2 to 4 m/year. Hydrodynamic modeling using 2008 field data indicate that the maximum current speed observed along the east coast of Tanjung Piai ranges from 0.2 -0.5 m/s, while the west coast experiences lower current speeds of less than 0.2 m/s. Strong currents occur at the tip of Tanjung Piai with a speed of 0.5 to 0.8 m/s. The simulation also indicates that some local current patterns are formed near the tip due to the presence of a small island as the flow entering the study area during flooding were reflected to the east while the flow during the ebb tide tend to move toward the opposite direction. Wave simulations show that most of the waves come from Singapore and the Straits of Malacca, with amplitudes of over 1.5 m, are reduced to less than 0.8 m as they travel towards Tanjong Piai coast. These local hydrodynamic conditions, combined with the existence of regular ship wakes, are believed to be the reason for the intensive erosion at Tanjung Piai. Model simulations incorporating the proposed coastal protection measures indicated positive and negative impacts of the hydrodynamic changes around the study area. The results shown that the magnitude of the current speed and wave height would be reduced in the area behind the structures but slightly increased on the other parts of the coast. These changes will determine the sediment transport movement in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the hydrodynamic characteristics before implementing any kind of coastal protection measures because they may protect some area from erosion, but may not be favourable to the other parts of the coast. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS:Navigation, coastal inlets, numerical wave modeling, nearshore wave processes.
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