Pueraria mirifica (PM) extract is locally used to promote hair growth. However, the effective transdermal delivery system should be prepared to deliver the extract through the skin barrier. The objective of this study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing PM ethanolic extract for hair growth promotion. The cell viability and proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) treated with PM extract were evaluated by MTT assay. SLN formulations were developed as a transdermal delivery system of the PM extract, compared with liposomes. The physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles were determined. The in vitro skin permeation study was also evaluated by Franz type diffusion cells. For the result, PM extract was a good safety herbal extract, which no cytotoxicity at the concentrations from 1 to 1,000 μg/ml. The cell proliferation of PM extract treated HFDPCs significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the possibility to promote hair growth at the concentrations from 10 to 100 μg/ml. For formulation development, 5% (w/v) PM extract-loaded SLN exhibited small particle size (93.83 ± 0.32 nm) with narrow size distribution and negatively charged. This formulation had the highest percent entrapment efficiency (42.64 ± 0.47%), followed by SLN containing 1% (w/v) PM extract (8.84 ± 0.24%) and undetectable in liposomes. For the skin permeation result, SLN containing 5% (w/v) of PM extract could penetrate through the skin more than solution form. Therefore, the small particle size and high PM extract entrapped in SLN exhibited higher PM extract penetrated through the skin barrier and hair follicles than PM ethanolic extract solution. PM extract-loaded SLN might be an effective formulation for hair growth disorders treatment.
Excessive of ultraviolet light causes abnormality of melanin production. Antioxidants and antityrosinase agents are able to reduce hyperpigmentation by interrupting the process of melanin production. The purpose of this study is to examine the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities as well as toxicity of both 80% ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alpinia nigra by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, mushroom tyrosinase assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Alpinia nigra extracts showed positive result on antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. We found that extract of A. nigra’s leaf has the most effective activity of antioxidant and antityrosinase among other parts of this plant. The ethanol and aqueous extracts from the leaf of A. nigra at the concentration of 125 μg/mL showed % inhibition for free radical scavenging as 94.97% and 93.35%, respectively. The IC50 values of antioxidant were 39.83±16.21 and 46.33±15.22 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, ethanol extract of the leaf from A. nigra at the concentration of 1,000 μg/mL produced 92.61% inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity, whereas aqueous extract of A. nigra’s leaf at the same concentration produced 74.47% inhibition. The IC50 of antityrosinase activities were 142.81±13.32 and 406.88±66.43 μg/mL for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. Moreover, the brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that all extracts were non-toxic (LC50 >1,000 μg/mL). In conclusion, the ethanol extract of A. nigra’s leaf may be beneficial and provide the novel and safe source for antioxidant and whitening agent.
Melanin is cutaneous pigment which level of its production determines skin complexion. Overproduction of melanin, frequently promoted by UV rays, results in darkening of the skin. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity, a core component in melanin biosynthesis, is one of the mechanisms of depigmenting agents. Hydroquinone and kojic acid are the examples of well-known whitening agents widely used in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, their adverse effect issues still needed to be overcome. A recent study showed that p-chlorophenyl benzyl ether (Cl-benz), a new synthetic compound, more strongly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid. In the current study, cytotoxicity, anti-melanogenic activity and anti-tyrosinase activity of Cl-benz were performed in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells compared to kojic acid. After 24 h of treatment on B16F10 cells, the cytotoxicity was not observed with Cl-benz and kojic acid. However, after incubation for 48 h, kojic acid at a concentration of 500 μM reduced cell viability less than 50%, whereas Cl-benz-treated cells showed negligible cytotoxicity. For cell-based assay, Cl-benz exhibited inhibitory effect similar to kojic acid. Melanin production in B16F10 cells was suppressed by Cl-benz in a dose dependent manner. One hundred micrograms of Cl-benz decreased melanin content in α-MSH by 66%. Moreover, the percentage of cellular tyrosinase activity of Cl-benz showed positive association with its corresponding melanin content. These results revealed that Cl-benz could inhibit melanogenesis via the mechanism of cellular tyrosinase inhibition. Accordingly, Cl-benz has potential to become a novel skin whitening agent in terms of efficacy and safety.
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