Pueraria mirifica (PM) extract is locally used to promote hair growth. However, the effective transdermal delivery system should be prepared to deliver the extract through the skin barrier. The objective of this study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) containing PM ethanolic extract for hair growth promotion. The cell viability and proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) treated with PM extract were evaluated by MTT assay. SLN formulations were developed as a transdermal delivery system of the PM extract, compared with liposomes. The physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles were determined. The in vitro skin permeation study was also evaluated by Franz type diffusion cells. For the result, PM extract was a good safety herbal extract, which no cytotoxicity at the concentrations from 1 to 1,000 μg/ml. The cell proliferation of PM extract treated HFDPCs significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the possibility to promote hair growth at the concentrations from 10 to 100 μg/ml. For formulation development, 5% (w/v) PM extract-loaded SLN exhibited small particle size (93.83 ± 0.32 nm) with narrow size distribution and negatively charged. This formulation had the highest percent entrapment efficiency (42.64 ± 0.47%), followed by SLN containing 1% (w/v) PM extract (8.84 ± 0.24%) and undetectable in liposomes. For the skin permeation result, SLN containing 5% (w/v) of PM extract could penetrate through the skin more than solution form. Therefore, the small particle size and high PM extract entrapped in SLN exhibited higher PM extract penetrated through the skin barrier and hair follicles than PM ethanolic extract solution. PM extract-loaded SLN might be an effective formulation for hair growth disorders treatment.
Melanin is cutaneous pigment which level of its production determines skin complexion. Overproduction of melanin, frequently promoted by UV rays, results in darkening of the skin. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity, a core component in melanin biosynthesis, is one of the mechanisms of depigmenting agents. Hydroquinone and kojic acid are the examples of well-known whitening agents widely used in both pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, their adverse effect issues still needed to be overcome. A recent study showed that p-chlorophenyl benzyl ether (Cl-benz), a new synthetic compound, more strongly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase than kojic acid. In the current study, cytotoxicity, anti-melanogenic activity and anti-tyrosinase activity of Cl-benz were performed in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells compared to kojic acid. After 24 h of treatment on B16F10 cells, the cytotoxicity was not observed with Cl-benz and kojic acid. However, after incubation for 48 h, kojic acid at a concentration of 500 μM reduced cell viability less than 50%, whereas Cl-benz-treated cells showed negligible cytotoxicity. For cell-based assay, Cl-benz exhibited inhibitory effect similar to kojic acid. Melanin production in B16F10 cells was suppressed by Cl-benz in a dose dependent manner. One hundred micrograms of Cl-benz decreased melanin content in α-MSH by 66%. Moreover, the percentage of cellular tyrosinase activity of Cl-benz showed positive association with its corresponding melanin content. These results revealed that Cl-benz could inhibit melanogenesis via the mechanism of cellular tyrosinase inhibition. Accordingly, Cl-benz has potential to become a novel skin whitening agent in terms of efficacy and safety.
Stem borers are one of the most important insect pests that could infest rice plants from seedling to maturity and thus play a major role in crop losses. The study of its mandible that is used in feeding of stem borer would help understand the mechanisms and variations that could affect the adaptation and modification affecting severity of infestation. In this study, the mandible of two population of stem borers, the yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas and the striped stemborer (Chilo suppressalis) in three rice varieties IR-66, Pioneer 77 and Bigante were used to analyze the adaptation with regards to mandible shape in relation to rice variety in the same geographical location using outline-based (elliptic Fourier) geometric morphometric (GM) analysis to determine the shape variations in the left and right mandible of two population of stem borers. Further, scatter plot method was used to illustrate variations in the shapes of the mandibles between populations. Results of this study showed symmetrical shape variations in the right and left mandible of the two species of stem borers and their accumulation to the kind of rice plant varieties were not selective. Keywords - Animal ecology, stem borer, mandible, geometric morphometric analysis,Philippines
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