Abstract-The Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system has enabled numerous applications in clean energy applications since their major goal is to recycle the ambient microwave energy. It is enough to drive low power consumption devices. In such system, microstrip antennas are utilized as the main component for collecting the electromagnetic energy. Antenna design is important in the proposed rectenna. The antenna absorbs the incident microwave power, and the rectifier converts it into a useful electric power. In this paper, we focus on the design of two microstrip antennas with resonant frequency of 1.88GHz and 2.45GHz to utilize in the WPT system for LTE/WLAN low power devices. The maximum return loss for each of microstrip antennas was simulated by MATLAB programming. The conversion efficiency of the fabricated antennas was measured as 38% and 35%. The results of this research can be applied in other mobile technologies.Index Terms-WPT, rectenna, microstrip antenna, LTE/WLAN, low power.
Competition in the telecommunications market is beneficial to consumers in terms of efficiency improvements. However, it would be difficult for the efficiency of any regulations to be improved under the inefficient market with no competition. As a real, regulations are not always potentially effective and may sometimes be imperfect like the market itself. Accordingly, any regulator's decisions to interfere or any appropriate interfering approaches are considered very necessary and beneficial to consumers. Therefore, it is required that the competitive conditions in telecommunications must be studied and analyzed along with the impacts of telecommunications regulation on the whole industry, consumers, and service providers. This will enable the survey and study of the key indicators which have already been determined so as to point out the problems and obstacles caused from telecommunications operation and the entry of new operators into the market. This particular research will impart the explanation of tools used in analyzing telecommunications businesses, the definition of competitive conditions in markets as well as analyze the problems and barriers to market entry among operators, etc. As a result, telecommunications regulators must play a pivotal role in preserving competitive conditions in the telecommunications market in order to promote telecommunications services to be excellent, have reasonable prices, and give rise to innovations continuously.
Abstract-The shorter wavelength of L-band compared to UHF permit users to adopt smaller and more cost effective antenna. A smaller size microstrip antenna is particularly attractive for military use due to greater mobility and ease of camouflage. This paper presents a dual-band circular patch microstrip antenna for L-band military applications. The proposed antenna produced a bandwidth of 1.62 -1.7GHz and 2.74 -2.8GHz. The simulated results are calculated by using lE3D software and MATLAB programming. Further, for the future work, analogous to dielectric relaxation consideration of Cole-Cole diagrams as applied to dielectric materials, a "reactive relaxation concept" will be introduced to present the frequency-dependent characteristics of the circular microstrip antenna.
Abstract-At present day, due to the exponential demand for services such as mobile that requires spectrum, the demand of spectrum has become exceedingly high. Hence, regulators worldwide are faced with a big challenge to ensure sufficient spectrum supply to services that provide the most economic value. Therefore, studies on telecommunication service spectrum valuation have become increasingly more important than ever before. From literature review on the spectrum valuation studies from international experts, we can categorize the studies into two groups. The first values spectrum by opportunity cost approach, which compares the cost and revenue of bidders with and without spectrum. The second group of studies applies econometrics to data collected from past auctions in different countries as a guideline in spectrum valuation for studied country. It starts by using statistical technique to estimate regression model in order to find the relationship between actual auction prices in different countries and its determinants. Then, it forecasts the spectrum price for studied country by replacing the values of determinants in the equation. In practice, one might choose one or use both valuation methods in parallel as a cross-check. This paper will explore both groups of spectrum valuation methods.
Abstract-In this paper, a simple design of wideband rectangular patch antenna is presented by using asymmetrical feed and a reduction in ground plane with proper gap distance. The frequency-dependent characteristic impedance included in the proposed procedure is addressed to eliminate possible errors in the high-frequency broadband applications. The antenna proposed in this research provides 2.3GHz bandwidth (frequency range: 0.9GHz -3.2GHz) which can be utilized in various broadband applications such as remote sensing, biomedical and mobile radio. The proposed procedure in this research is compatible with CAD applications and is valuable contribution as it permits quick and easy design for RF engineers.Index Terms-Microstrip, broadband, frequency-dependent, CAD. I. INTRODUCTIONIn mobile communication antenna design, the antenna has become an integral part of the mobile devices. To achieve this goal, the antenna for mobile sets must be small, flexible, and efficient. Rectangular microstrip patch antenna is one of the most utilized antennas because of its low cost, low profile and omnidirectional radiation pattern. A narrow bandwidth and low gain are main drawback of this antenna [1]. Higher bandwidth is desired in various applications such as remote sensing, biomedical, mobile radio, satellite communications etc. In order to improve the bandwidth, intensive research has been carried out and several techniques are proposed."The conventional methods for broadening impendence bandwidth are the following: modified shapes of the radiation element, partial ground plane feeding structure, inserting capacitor between the patch and the ground plane, inserting chip resistor between the patch and the ground plane, inserting a chip inductor " [1].However, most of these antenna designs are either too complex or impractical for practical applications in GHz frequency range. The difficulty in designing a simple and compact antenna with broadband or multiband functions is still a challenge for engineers since the complexity and size of the antenna's structure is reduced and the operating frequency bands increase. As mentioned earlier, there is extensive literature that presented the design of broadband Manuscript received March 5, 2014; revised May 14, 2014 II. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGNMicrostrip antenna consists of dielectric substrate located between the radiation patch on top and ground plane on other side as illustrated in Fig. 1.The patch is made using conducting materials like copper and gold and can be made into any shape. However, the radiating patch and feed line is etched on dielectric substrate [4]. For simplicity of analysis, the patch is generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape. For a rectangular patch, the length of the patch is usually in the range of 0.3333 0 < < 0.5 0 , where 0 is the free space wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that ≪ 0 (where is the patch thickness). The height of the substrate is usually 0.003 0 ≤ ≤ 0.05 0 . The diel...
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