During 2016–2018, we conducted surveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes and pigs in Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that our isolates (genotypes Ia, Ib, III, IV) were related to JEV isolates obtained from the same regions many years ago. Indigenous JEV strains persist in Asia.
In 2014, an outbreak of Getah virus (GETV) infection occurred in Japan in a horse population that was inoculated with a vaccine against GETV. In this study, we investigated the seroprevalence of GETV infection among wild boars in Japan. Interestingly, the highest rate of anti-GETV-positive wild boars was observed in 2013, which gradually decreased during 2014-2016. The results suggested that GETV spread among wild boars around 2012, resulting in the 2014 outbreak.
Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito‐borne RNA virus belonging to the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus. GETV infection causes diarrhoea and death in piglets, and reproductive failure and abortion in sows. This study conducted a serological survey of GETV infection among domestic pig populations in Thailand. ELISA was used to analyse 1,188 pig serum samples collected from 11 provinces of Thailand during 2017–2018, with 23.1% of the samples being positive for anti‐GETV antibodies. The positive ratio of anti‐GETV antibodies was significantly higher in nursery (67.9%) and older stages (84.5%) of pigs than in finishing stage (14.2%). Furthermore, we successfully isolated GETV from one pig serum, designated as GETV strain GETV/SW/Thailand/2017, and determined the complete genome sequence (11,689 nt). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that our isolate was different from the recent GETV group spreading among pig populations in East Asia and formed a cluster with two GETV strains, namely YN12031 (China, 2015) and LEIV16275Mar (Far‐East Russia, 2007). We concluded that two different GETV groups are currently spreading among pig populations in Asian countries.
bBurkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic bacterium that causes melioidosis and is often isolated from rice fields in Southeast Asia, where the infection incidence is high among rice field workers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between this bacterium and rice through growth experiments where the effect of colonization of domestic rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Amaroo) roots by B. pseudomallei could be observed. When B. pseudomallei was exposed to surface-sterilized seeds, the growth of both the root and the aerosphere was retarded compared to that in controls. The organism was found to localize in the root hairs and endodermis of the plant. A biofilm formed around the root and root structures that were colonized. Growth experiments with a wild rice species (Oryza meridionalis) produced similar retardation of growth, while another domestic cultivar (O. sativa L. cv Koshihikari) did not show retarded growth. Here we report B. pseudomallei infection and inhibition of O. sativa L. cv Amaroo, which might provide insights into plant interactions with this important human pathogen. Melioidosis is caused by the aerobic Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is common in Northern Australia and Southeast Asia, where the mortality rate can be as high as 40% (1). B. pseudomallei is recognized as a soil-and waterborne pathogen and is commonly isolated from the soil of rice fields and other environmental sources where the organism is endemic (2-7). Exposure to the organism in rice paddies is a significant risk to rice farmers, particularly those who are also diabetic and are generally more predisposed to infection (8).The rhizosphere is a rich habitat for bacteria. Microbial interaction with plants can result in a variety of effects, ranging from pathogenesis to growth promotion (9), and plants may facilitate the persistence of the microorganism (10). Bacteria in the Burkholderia genus are well known to be plant endophytes, some with plant growth promotion capacity and some as pathogens (11). As B. pseudomallei has a broad host range (12-17) and has been shown to infect other species of plants (18,19), it may be possible that it will infect some cultivars of rice and a plant-microbe interaction may assist in the persistence of B. pseudomallei in the rice fields where it is commonly found. However, no studies have so far identified any growth promotion or pathogenic relationship between B. pseudomallei and rice. Lee et al. (19) found no effects on a Japanese rice cultivar (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare), while Kaestli et al. (18) found no effects on an Australian wild rice species (Oryza rufipogon). An examination of the interaction of B. pseudomallei with more cultivars and species of rice could provide more information about whether rice is, in general, resistant to B. pseudomallei or identify a potential host for an infection model. The development of a rice model of B. pseudomallei infection has the potential to assist in further plant-microbe interaction studies and the developmen...
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