A serological survey and characterization of Getah virus in domestic pigs in Thailand, 2017–2018

Rattanatumhi, Khwankamon; Prasertsincharoen, Noppadol; Naimon, Nattakarn; Kuwata, Ryusei; Shimoda, Hiroshi; Ishijima, Keita; Yonemitsu, Kenzo; Minami, Shohei; Supriyono, Supriyono; Tran, Ngo Thuy Bao; Kuroda, Yudai; Tatemoto, Kango; Mendoza, Milagros Virhuez; Hondo, Eiichi; Rerkamnuaychoke, Worawut; Maeda, Ken; Phichitraslip, Thanmaporn

doi:10.1111/tbed.14042

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…GETV is a member of the Alphavirus genus, its pathogenicity for humans is unknown, but there may be a risk of spill-over events to humans [72]. Up to now, epidemiological surveillance studies and available GETV sequences from swine have been rare [26, 73, 74]. In this study, we perform a state-of-the-art genomic surveillance using metagenomic next-generation sequencing coupled with phylodynamic analyses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A re-emerging arbovirus in livestock in China: Early genomic surveillance and phylogeographic analysis

2022

Preprint

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Viruses in livestock represent a great risk to public health due to the close contact of their hosts with humans and the potential long-range transportation though animal trade. Here, we show how to predict outbreaks of potential zoonotic pathogens and use spatially-explicit phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches to provide estimates of key epidemiological parameters. First, we use metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) to identify a Getah virus (GETV) as the pathogen responsible for a re-emerging swine disease in China. The GETV isolate is able to replicate in a variety of cell lines including human cells and shows high pathogenicity in a mouse model suggesting a potential public health risk. We obtained 16 complete genomes and 78 E2 gene sequences from viral strains collected within China from 2017 to 2021 through large-scale surveillance among livestock, pets and mosquitoes. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis reveals that three major GETV lineages are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We identify three potential positively selected sites and mutations of interest in E2, which may impact the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the virus. We then reconstruct the evolutionary and dispersal history of the virus and test the impact of several environmental factors on the viral genetic diversity through time and on the dispersal dynamic of viral lineages. Of note, we identify temporal variation in livestock meat consumption as a main predictor of viral genetic diversity through time. Finally, phylogeographic analyses indicate that GETV preferentially circulates within areas associated with relatively higher mean annual temperature and pig population density. Our results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of GETV among livestock in southern Chinese regions associated with relatively high temperatures, and the need to control mosquitoes in the livestock farms. Our analyses of GETV also provide a baseline for future studies of the molecular epidemiology and early warning of emerging arboviruses in China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A re-emerging arbovirus in livestock in China: Early genomic surveillance and phylogeographic analysis

2022

Preprint

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“…This also means that the GIV viruses could be transmitted between the mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts in nature without being detected due to the absence of disease. In relation, the GETV/SW/Thailand/2017 of GIV group was isolated from a pig serum during a sero-surveillance in Thailand, where no disease was reported 19 . It is worth noting that the pig-origin GIV virus strain, in comparison to the mosquito-origin GIV viruses, showed an amino acid substitution at the E2 (L269V), which was exclusively associated with GIII lineage and was found to be the sole positive selection site in the structural genes (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, one GIV strain (GETV/SW/Thailand/2017) was isolated from a pig serum in Thailand in 2017, with no clinical signs reported 19 . Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether the GIV viruses will be competent for epidemic spreading in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic and In Vitro Phenotypic Comparisons of Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Getah Virus Strains

Mohamed-Romai-Noor

Sam

Teoh

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Getah virus is an emerging mosquito-borne animal pathogen. Four phylogenetic groups of GETV, Group I (GI), GII, GIII and GIV, were identified. However, only the GETV GIII was associated with disease epidemics suggesting possible virulence difference in this virus group. Here, we compared the genetic and in vitro phenotypic characteristics between the epidemic and non-epidemic GETV. Our complete coding genome sequence analyses revealed several amino acid substitutions unique to the GETV GIII and GIV groups, which were found mainly in the hypervariable domain of nsP3 and E2 proteins. Replication kinetics of the epidemic (GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605) and non-epidemic GETV strains (prototype GI MM2021 and GIV B254) were compared in mammalian Vero cells and mosquito C6/36 and U4.4 cells. In all cells used, both epidemic GETV GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605 strains showed replication rates and mean maximum titers at least 2.7-fold and 2.3-fold higher than those of GIV B254, respectively (Bonferroni posttest, P<0.01). In Vero cells, the epidemic GETV strains caused more pronounced cytopathic effects in comparison to the GIV B254. Our findings suggest that higher virus replication competency to produce high virus titer during infection may be the main determinant of virulence and epidemic potential of GETV.

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“…Piglets infected with GETV showed depression, tremor, hind limb paralysis, diarrhea, and high mortality ( 10 ). Histopathological examination showed that GETV-infected pigs had neurodegenerative changes (neuronophagocytosis and central chromatin dissolution), pneumocytes detachment, renal cortical thickening, hemorrhagic splenitis ( 11 ). Infected sows had abortions ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Getah Virus Infection Rapidly Causes Testicular Damage and Decreases Sperm Quality in Male Mice

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that can cause infection in many animals. It can cause pyrexia and reproductive losses in animals. The objective of the study was to explore the effects of GETV on male reproductive ability. Male mice were injected with 100 × TCID50/0.1 ml in a volume of 100-μL GETV in their hindquarter muscle, resulting in decreased semen quality and testicular histopathological changes, and the virus was detected in the testes. At 0.5 dpi (day post-infection), male mice showed decreased sperm density, motility, and decreased serum testosterone concentration, an increased sperm malformation rate, vacuoles in spermatogonial cells/spermatocytes in spermatogenic tubules, and the highest virus copies in testis. At 2 dpi, the sperm density and motility reached the lowest value of 3.99 × 106/ml and 62.03%, and the malformation rate reached 43.67%. At 28 dpi, the sperm indexes of the experimental group gradually approached that of the control group, but there were still significant differences. Since then, histopathological changes have worsened, with the most severe histopathological changes at 7 dpi and gradual recovery. Up to 14 dpi, the virus was detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, which showed that the virus was only present in the testicular interstitium. GETV infection can rapidly enter the testis of mice and reduce the semen quality of mice, which needs to be paid attention to in the prevention and control of GETV.

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A serological survey and characterization of Getah virus in domestic pigs in Thailand, 2017–2018

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

A re-emerging arbovirus in livestock in China: Early genomic surveillance and phylogeographic analysis

A re-emerging arbovirus in livestock in China: Early genomic surveillance and phylogeographic analysis

Genomic and In Vitro Phenotypic Comparisons of Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Getah Virus Strains

Getah Virus Infection Rapidly Causes Testicular Damage and Decreases Sperm Quality in Male Mice

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